论法治社会与促进司法公正

新形势下必须依法治国,建设社会主义的法治国家必须司法公正。     

刑事诉权理论视野下的刑事审判制度改革

诉权理论产生于民事诉讼法学,但从刑事诉讼法与民事诉讼法的内在关联来看,诉权理论也可成为刑事诉讼法学基础理论之一,刑事诉权与刑事审判权仍是构成刑事审判制度的两个基本要素。在刑事诉讼法的再修改提上立法日程之际,运用刑事诉权理论来分析我国现行刑事审判制度中的一些制度,我们不难发现在现行审判制度下,诉权不能主导审判进程,诉权与审判权关系失衡。正视这些问题,运用刑事诉权理论指导刑事审判制度的改革,强调诉权保障理念,才能真正理顺诉权与审判权的关系。     

构建程序化的取保候审制度——兼论英国保释制度对我国的借鉴意义

取保候审的适用在司法实践中出现了许多问题 ,致使超期羁押、变相羁押已经成为目前刑事诉讼的最突出问题。文中对我国取保候审制度的基础进行了反思 ,认为应当将取保候审确认为犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的一项权利 ,并借鉴英国的保释实践 ,提出了构建程序化的取保候审制度的设想。     

精神病人受审能力影响因素研究

目的探究精神病人受审能力的影响因素。方法对在四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院法医精神病学教研室进行法医精神病学鉴定的170名被鉴定人进行受审能力评定,评定研究对象的受审能力、精神症状,收集其人口学资料、犯罪学资料,采用统计描述、t检验、χ2检验、秩和检验和logistic回归分析等方法研究精神病人受审能力的影响因素。结果BPRS的思维障碍因子、激活性因子、PANSS的P分对受审能力具有显著影响;无受审能力组病理性和不明作案动机比例较高,且与有受审能力组相比差别具有统计学意义;无受审能力组言语智商低于有受审能力组,差别具有统计学意义;无受审能力组精神分裂症比例较高,差别具有统计学意义。结论BPRS的思维障碍因子、激活性因子、PANSS的P分、言语智商、精神疾病诊断、作案动机对精神病人受审能力具有一定影响。     

审判流程管理刍议

自上世纪八十年代以来,各地法院陆续开展了审判管理改革,许多法院还制定了审判流程管理规则,但由于对审判流程管理的理论研究较少,导致部分法院审判管理方式改革带有很大的盲目性。本文从考察审判流程管理提出的时代背景入手,阐明了审判流程管理的内涵,论证了审判流程管理存在的法理基础,并结合实践提出了构建审判流程管理有效运行的制度构想。     

审判独立的内涵与制度保障

审判独立最终归结为一条根本的内在的理由 :审判权是判断权。审判独立的内容既包括法院的独立也包括法官的独立。当前我国的审判体制存在诸多漏洞 ,为保证审判独立 ,我国亟需建立的两项制度是 :法官职务固定制、法官薪俸固定制。     

Extending the Reach of Human Rights to Encompass Victims of Rape: M.C. V. Bulgaria

This note analyses a recent case of the European Court of Justice in which the applicant, a 14-year old rape victim, alleged that Bulgarian criminal law violated her rights under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights in pursuing a practice of only prosecuting rape where there was evidence of the use of physical force and active resistance. In upholding the applicant’s claims, the Court re-affirmed the positive obligation on states to adopt measures to ensure that fundamental rights under the Convention were secured. In particular, in the case of rape, this required the enactment and application of criminal laws effectively prescribing all acts of non-consensual sex and not just those involving physical violence. In this way the Court affirmed not only that rape was, in essence, a violation of personal sexual autonomy but also that legal systems which failed adequately to protect against all forms of rape risked operating in breach of Convention obligations.Application no. 39272/98, 4 December 2003.     

What is a Fair Trial? Rape Prosecutions, Disclosure and the Human Rights Act

This article engages with the vogue for predicting the effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 by focusing on the rape prosecution and trial. The specific interest is feminist scrutiny of the right to a fair trial, particularly the concept of ‘fairness’, in light of the increasing use of disclosure rules (in Canada and England) to gain access to medical and counseling records. Transcending the two contemporary narratives of ‘victims’/women’s rights and defendants’ rights in the criminal justice system, the authors argue for the infusion of the legal debate on disclosure with feminist understandings of wider cultural debates. They suggest that an increased reflexivity about intimacy, publicity and power, leading perhaps to the development of a concept of ‘democratic publicity’ (Fraser, 1997, p. 100), might help to revision the meaning of ‘relevant’ evidence in the rape trial. They also suggest that the wide-ranging cultural debate about memory, truth and history, and the emerging commitment to experimentation in responding to massive, institutionalised human rights violations (including apartheid, war crimes and child abuse) might be of use in deepening current thinking about the rape trial and listening to the ‘voice’ of the complainant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Developing a Multicenter Randomized Trial in Criminology: The Case of HIDTA

In criminal justice, as in other fields, an experimental study conducted ata single site does not offer a solid basis upon which to make strong publicpolicy recommendations. To date, criminal justice researchers have reliedupon two general approaches to overcome the limitations of single-siteexperimental research. The first, termed ``meta-analysis, seeks tocombine independent studies to identify consistent effects across criminaljustice settings or contexts. The second, sometimes termed replicationstudies, seeks to replicate investigations in multiple criminaljustice jurisdictions. In this paper we describe a related approachdeveloped in clinical studies in medicine and examine its applicabilityin criminal justice settings. Termed a multicenter clinicaltrial, this method demands the implementation ofa single experimental protocol at multiple sites. We contrast themulticenter approach with other methods and provide a substantiveexample of an ongoing multicenter criminal justice study. We begin byexamining the specific limitations of current approaches and solutionsoffered by multicenter studies to overcome these. We then turn to anapplication of the multicenter clinical trial in a criminal justicesetting. Using the example of the HIDTA (High-Intensity Drug TraffickingAreas) evaluation of drug treatment programs currently being conducted atmultiple sites, we illustrate components of the multicenter approach aswell as potential drawbacks researchers are likely to face in itsapplication in crime and justice studies.     

中国古代的民事诉讼习惯

中国早期的民事审判,采取灵活的程序和开放的形式。春秋战国后,以成文法典为主,多种法律形式并存,法典中刑事法律制度详尽,民事法律制度粗疏,民事诉讼制度更是寥寥无几。民事实体法主要表现为礼仪、风俗,民事程序法仍然保留了诉讼习惯形式。民事诉讼习惯不仅反映制度生成的具体环境和条件,而且通过实证的视角,展现了制度运行的细节及其作用、功能和价值。民事诉讼习惯是包括官府和当事人在内的所有诉讼主体必须遵循的规范,随着时间和地域的差异,表现出了多样性和灵活性,服务于国家和地方政府的社会治理目标。