论新中国对日本战犯的审理

新中国对日本战犯的审理,是抗日战争胜利后轰动世界的一件大事。中国政府把审理与改造有机地结合起来,在侦察、核准日本战犯犯罪事实的同时,启迪了日本战犯的思想认识,促使他们发生了根本的转变,为审理打下了良好的基础。在审理日本战犯的过程中,中国政府贯穿了公正、严肃和法制的精神,宽大处理日本战犯,使新中国对日本战犯的审理取得了巨大的成功。通过审理,既揭露了日本侵略者在中国伤天害理的滔天罪行,伸张了人类正义;又把一些战争罪犯改造成为坚决反对战争、力主中日友好的骨干力量;同时把新中国竭诚和平和革命人道主义的精神传播到了全世界。     

论重塑审判公开原则的现代法理念

审判公开是司法审判制度的一项基本原则,在人类历史上闪烁着正义之光,它彻底抛弃旧有的愚昧、践踏人权、封建专制的秘密审判方式,发扬诉讼民主和增强社会监督,实现社会公正,增强人们对国家司法制度的信任度。文章拟追溯审判公开原则的历史发展轨迹,科学定义审判公开原则的含义,审视现阶段审判公开原则的实施情况,重塑审判公开原则的现代法理念。     

对我国刑事审判中法官和当事人地位的反思

法官和当事人在刑事审判中的地位是划分不同的刑事审判模式的关键性因素。当事人在刑事审判中具有较高的诉讼地位是保护当事人合法权益的重要前提。为了进一步保护当事人的合法权益,必须规范法官在审判中的行为,并提高刑事诉讼的当事人在我国的刑事审判中的诉讼地位。     

保释制度与取保候审之比较研究

国外的保释制度是指对被羁押待侦查或审判的人提供担保,保证按照指定的日期出庭,并履行必要的手续后予以释放的制度。取保候审是刑事强制措施的一种,是国家警察权和司法权的体现。完善我国取保候审制度,更有利于保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权利。     

破产实体要件的审理程序研究

我国现行《破产法》并未明确将破产原因等破产实体要件作为当事人争议和法院审理的对象为其设定正式的审理程序。司法实践中,不少法院是把实体要件和形式要件都放在破产受理这一程序中进行审查的,这样做虽可在一定程度上消除人们对程序启动及案件受理效力等方面有关程序正当性的怀疑,但毕竟受理程序并非正式的审理程序,其程序空间较为狭小,难以承受审理破产实体要件的沉重任务。从增加整个破产程序运行的正当性和保障当事人的程序权利出发,新《破产法》有必要为破产实体要件设立较为正式的审理程序。     

关于审判工作机制改革的思考

现行的审判工作机制行政色彩浓厚 ,存在着诸多弊端。建立独立、公平的审判工作机制 ,主要的措施是要全面推行审判长和独任审判员选任制度 ,按照责任原则 ,落实合议庭及独任审判员负责制 ,强化合议庭和法官责任。     

侦查目的论－－兼评我国侦查程序改革

侦查目的论探讨的是侦查程序与后续的起诉和审判程序的关系。关于侦查目的,有三种代表性的观点,即审判准备观、公诉准备观、侦查独立观。由于诉讼价值观和诉讼结构的影响,我国在侦查目的上实际上奉行的是审判准备观,这使得我国的侦查程序在设计和运作上存在着诸多硬伤,亟待通过新型侦查目的观的塑造予以变革。     

Delay reduction in the federal courts: Rule 50(b) and the Federal Speedy Trial Act of 1974

During the 1970s, 94 federal district courts implemented two major policy initiatives, Rule 50(b) of theFederal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Speedy Trial Act, that were designed in Washington to combat delay in the processing of federal criminal cases. Both of these initiatives established a national priority of delay reduction in criminal cases, encouraged local district court planning for delay reduction; established reporting procedures for monitoring local compliance, and provided for the determination of quantitative goals for the time to disposition of criminal cases. Neither initiative mandated specific activities for delay reduction; this determination was left to the discretion of local federal district courts. This research examines the effectiveness of Rule 50(b) and the Speedy Trial Act by constructing a 150-month time series of three measures of case processing time. A multiple-intervention time-series model found that both of these initiatives contributed to the dramatic reduction in the time to disposition in federal criminal cases. These effects persisted after controls for changes in case characteristics and judicial resources were introduced.Points of view expressed in this research are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice.     

Separating Compensatory and Punitive Damage Award Decisions by Trial Bifurcation

In a simulated products liability trial, we tested the effects of bifurcating decisions regarding compensatory and punitive damage awards. Fifty-nine groups of 5-7 jurors heard evidence in a unitary or bifurcated format, deliberated about the case to a unanimous decision, and awarded damages. Trial bifurcation decreased variability in compensatory damage awards across juries hearing the same case, and also decreased the tendency for juries to award extremely high compensatory damages. In addition, deliberation led to lower compensatory awards in the low injury severity condition and higher awards in the high injury severity condition. Jurors reported that they were using evidence more appropriately when the decisions were bifurcated. Implications of evidence bifurcation in civil trials are discussed.     

我国刑事审级制度的重新构建

刑事审级制度是一国司法制度的重要组成部分,它的构建是否科学、合理,直接影响到司法的统一性、正义性、终局性和权威性的实现。从刑事审级制度的重构目标———公正与效率平衡出发,刑事审级制度的设置应坚持职能分级、审判方便和案情轻重原则,在此基础上,重构我国的三审终审制。