Generalvollmacht ohne Erstreckung auf den Fall des Verlustes der Handlungsfähigkeit schließt Sachwalterbestellung nicht aus

Hilfe durch einen Bevollm?chtigten kann nur im T?tigwerden zur Verwirklichung einer bestimmten Willensbildung des Betroffenen liegen, was ein bestimmtes Ma? an Einsichtsf?higkeit und Urteilsf?higkeit voraussetzt. Nach dem Verlust dieser F?higkeiten ist zur Kontrolle des Bevollm?chtigten und für einen allf?lligen Widerruf der Vollmacht ein Sachwalter zu bestellen. Genau diese in der Judikatur vertretenen Grunds?tze waren für den Gesetzgeber Anlass, das Institut der Vorsorgevollmacht mit den zum Schutz vor Rechtsmissbrauch normierten strengen Formerfordernissen einzuführen. Schon daraus folgt, dass bei Nichteinhaltung der Formvorschriften und sonstigen Voraussetzungen, insb einer fehlenden Vorausverfügung für den Fall des Verlusts der Handlungsf?higkeit, die Weitergeltung einer "schlichten" Vollmacht der Einleitung eines Sachwalterverfahrens und der Bestellung eines einstweiligen Sachwalters nicht entgegensteht. Die Rekurslegitimation ist im Sachwalterbestellungsverfahren in § 127 Au?StrG abschlie?end und zwingend geregelt. Für den Fall, dass der Bevollm?chtigte ohnehin ein Rechtsmittel namens des Betroffenen erhoben hat und darüber entschieden wurde, besteht kein Rechtsschutzinteresse an einer weiteren Entscheidung über denselben Verfahrensgegenstand, die nicht anders ausfallen k?nnte als diejenige über das Rechtsmittel des Betroffenen.     

Political Ideology,Political Party,and Support for Greater Federal Spending on Environmental Protection in the United States: Evidence from the General Social Surveys, 1993–2018

This paper focuses on the effects of political ideology and party affiliation on support for more government spending on environmental protection. Pooled‐sample results show that Liberals (Democrats) are more likely to support higher government spending on environmental protection than Moderates (Independents), who, in turn, are more likely to support higher spending levels than Conservatives (Republicans). The results persist even when we control for respondents' opinions concerning whether the federal government, in general, does too little or too much. When stratifying by party, ideological divisions generally narrow, while stratifying by ideology leads to slightly wider divisions between Democrats and Republicans. Together, these results suggest that when Liberals and Conservatives form opinions about government spending on the environment, party affiliation, to some degree, dampens the effects of ideology. Between 2014 and 2018 the probability of supporting more environmental spending increased, albeit slightly, for all ideologies and parties, but more so for Liberals and Democrats.     

Alternatives to the constitution of Cádiz in New Spain: republicanism and the insurgent constitutional decree of Apatzingán (1814)

This article compares the Decreto Constitucional para la libertad de la América Mexicana, published in Apatzingán by the insurgents of New Spain in 1814, with the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz which established a constitutional monarchy in the Spanish Empire. It argues that the Decreto Constitucional cannot be understood as simply a product of Hispanic political thought and a reflection of the Cádiz text. Rather, it contends that the decree published in Apatzingán represents an alternative republican response to the dissolution of the Spanish monarchy. This alternate constitutional settlement drew on the debate of constitutional ideas that had taken place in New Spain since 1808 and was grounded in many of the same ideas as those present in the Pennsylvanian Constitution of 1776 and the first French republican constitutions of 1793 and 1795.     

法律解释的去理论化与立场转换——认知心理学的启示

学界提出的各种法律解释理论不仅仅在规范层面上无法自圆其说,同时也无法对法院的解释实践作出准确的描述。尽管针对美国联邦最高法院的经验研究表明法院的法律解释实践趋向于新文本主义和法律实用主义,但这些经验研究却没有证明法官遵循了这些解释理论。在对法律解释去理论化之后,如何看待实践中存在的"微观不一致与宏观一致"需要一种立场转换,即关注作为解释主体的法官的认知过程。     

The politics of de‐delegation: Regulatory (in)dependence in Turkey

This essay explores the rise and decline of regulatory independence in Turkey. Framing the ongoing process of limiting independence of these agencies as the politics of de‐delegation, it raises the question of why Turkish regulatory agencies have become subject to increasing political intervention. Contending that institutional legacies and mounting illiberal predispositions of the Turkish state facilitate the politics of de‐delegation, the essay focuses on centralization, executive discretion, and politicization of bureaucracy as the major institutional legacies. Then it briefly discusses formal and informal mechanisms of political intervention, which have impaired the independence of the regulatory agencies.     

分权改革背景下的地方财政自主权

为实现政治统治的合法化,近现代国家在民主的基础上形成了以规范为中心的权力认知模式。建国与改革为主题的国家制度建设所呈现的渐进性和试验性,使我国在中央与地方的财政关系上,形成了规范内外不同的权力生长与存续机理。碎片化的规范,赋予了地方在特定领域内的财政自主权。同时,依赖政治过程的分散化策略,引致了权力的制度外溢,形成了诸多所谓的"事实上的财政自主权"。尽管正当的制度只能逐步建设和改进,但如果始终存在超越于法律规范之上的权力,法治秩序终将会崩裂。地方财政自主权,必须在规范主义的立场上循序形成。     

试论《中华帝国全志》在传播中国地理方面的意义

法国耶稣会士杜赫德编辑的《中华帝国全志》1735年首刊于巴黎。作为17、18世纪西方人看中国的阶段性集大成之作，《中华帝国全志》在传播中国地理方面，在继承前辈传教士汉学成就的基础上取得了较大进步。这些进步既源自传统领域（地图、诸省）新素材的积累、新研究的深入，也源自新领域（周边民族）的拓展，书中的不少内容正昭示着西方早期汉学发展的某些趋向。     

北京青年金融消费的特点及发展建议

金融消费因其本身的特殊性,导致其开发、营销上有别于一般商品。本文以北京东城区、西城区、朝阳区和海淀区四个区不同机构青年为例,调查研究北京青年金融消费的特点,分析形成这些特点的深层原因,从政府、金融机构和青年三个层面为北京青年金融消费的健康发展和北京青年理性消费金融提出建议。     

Which democracy for the European Economic Community? Fernand Dehousse versus Charles de Gaulle*

This article analyses the political debate that developed within the European Economic Community (EEC) about the so-called Dehousse Convention (1960), the first concrete proposal to elect the European Parliament by universal suffrage. It argues that both supporters and opponents of the Dehousse Convention justified their stance through a blend of domestic experiences and European aspirations. More precisely, the article argues that the Dehousse Convention was deeply rooted in the model of parliamentary democracy which triumphed in Western Europe after the Second World War and that it aimed at favouring the federal evolution of the community; through the introduction of direct elections it would have been possible to strengthen the European Parliament which, eventually, would have turned the EEC into a federation. To fully understand Charles de Gaulle’s rejection of the Dehousse Convention, this article argues that his hostility to the supranational evolution of the community was strengthened by his long-standing criticism of the limits of parliamentary democracy. These two visions clashed and intertwined, shaping the political evolution of the EEC in the following decades.     

Changing Attitudes to the Past: Lieux de Mémoire and Contested Histories

What societies choose to remember about the Past can pose challenges for professional gatekeepers in museums, archives and statutory bodies charged with managing national heritage. Recent examples examined in this article include the inauguration of the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, the 2016 Capability Brown Festival, changing attitudes towards poppies and the Rhodes Must Fall movement. These are explored through establishing a taxonomy of the eight functions that lieux de mémoire fulfil in the course of reflecting the Past to the Present. Drawing attention to the way in which the imperialism of the Past is buried beneath the pristine lawns of Capability Brown's gardens in the Present, this article concludes by warning that lieux de mémoire can provide an aesthetic veneer, glossing over aspects of the Past that societies, or elites within those societies, would, for their own purposes, rather forget.