美国死刑案件有罪答辩自愿性探微

在美国,享有不被强迫自证其罪的权利是保障被告人认罪自愿性的基础。在死刑案件中,被告人作有罪答辩时得到了有效而合格的律师帮助、具有与其律师交流的能力、在知晓指控的性质和答辩有罪的后果是被告人自愿认罪的标志,选择陪审团审判而可能被判处死刑并不是强迫被告人认罪的必然因素。     

志愿服务立法难点：调整范围与管理体制——基于我国志愿服务的实践及地方立法的经验

志愿服务作为公民参与社会治理、履行社会责任、提高公共事务效能、增进社会公益的重要方式,被视为推动社会全面发展的重要手段和社会文明进步的重要标志。志愿服务法的调整范围、志愿服务管理体制问题是志愿服务立法过程中的难点问题,应当充分总结地方立法的实践经验和我国志愿服务事业发展的独特规律,本着有利于推动志愿服务事业发展的立场寻求妥善的解决对策。     

关于青年志愿服务国家性立法缺位的思考

我国志愿服务国家性立法的缺位,导致青年志愿服务中的诸多纠纷日益暴露。根据我国青年志愿服务的立法现状和我国地方性志愿服务立法的有益尝试,借鉴志愿服务成熟国家的立法经验,要健全我国青年志愿服务法律保障机制,目前亟须做好三项工作：（1）出台《志愿者组织法》,规范青年志愿者组织;（2）科学细化青年志愿服务的责任;（3）明确保障青年志愿者的合法权益。     

Mainstreamed voluntary sustainability standards and their effectiveness: Evidence from the Honduran coffee sector

Voluntary Sustainability Standards have become a popular private governance framework for more sustainable agri-food value chains. Yet, amid increasing concerns over the decoupling of standards and practices, it is still unclear to what extent agricultural standard requirements are implemented on the ground, and what may account for such differential implementation. This study employs a novel dataset of 659 Honduran coffee producers to examine this puzzle, focusing on the most widely used standards in the coffee sector (Common Code for the Coffee Community, Fairtrade, Fairtrade/organic, UTZ Certified, and Rainforest Alliance). It first presents results on implementation and behavioral change, based on matched groups of certified and non-certified farmers, for eight representative social and environmental sustainability practices. Analyzing determinants of implementation success, it finds that the stringency of rules – if they are known by farmers – and the level of farm-gate prices are significantly correlated with farmers’ performance and lower levels of decoupling across a majority of indicators. These results speak to the importance of supporting small-scale actors’ awareness of and financial capacity to comply with proposed sustainability rules.     

论《精神卫生法》的自愿原则

为了防止正常人"被精神病",更好地保护精神障碍患者的合法权益,《精神卫生法》确立了自愿原则。该原则渊源于私法领域的自愿原则而又与其不同,是在知情的条件下对精神卫生服务的单方接受自愿。它回应了要像人一样保护精神障碍患者,彰显了精神卫生法的福利法本质。它包涵自愿诊断、自愿治疗和自愿出院三个既相互区别又相互联系子原则。非自愿诊断、非自愿治疗、非自愿继续住院治疗只是自愿原则的补充,此种例外旨在寻求患者精神健康权与社会公众安全保护的平衡。     

The Effectiveness of Non-State Governance Schemes: A Comparative Study of Forest Certification in Norway and Sweden

During the last decade, we have seen the emergence, under the auspices of non-state authorities, of market-driven governance schemes for certification of forest holdings and eco-labelling of wood products. Do these schemes affect actual management practices and environmental protection in forestry? This article examines the effectiveness of forest certification in Norway and Sweden – two ecologically and politically similar countries, but with different certification schemes. It is found that certification processes in both countries have resulted in high participation in certification schemes, high market penetration by certified forest organisations, and reduced conflict prevalence over forestry practices. Although forest certification seems to have modified on-the-ground practices in ways that lead to less environmental deterioration of forests, we still know too little about forest certification’s environmental impact and efficacy as a problem-solving instrument. More research is therefore urged in these areas.     

论器官捐献法立法原则--兼论法律对私权利限制的证成

本文以高伟峰医生偷摘尸体眼球救治两病人, 遭死者家属起诉一案作引,提出了应在我国制定器官捐献法,并评述了器官捐献法的两原则 ,从个人权利来源,法律对个人权利限制的证成及我国当前实际情况等角度分析,指出我国的器官捐献法易采取自愿原则.     

国际联盟与俄国难民的遣返尝试

根据1922年7月的南森—苏俄遣返计划,少量俄国难民在国际联盟难民机构监督下从保加利亚遣返回苏俄,这是历史上以国际组织调停的形式组织难民遣返的首次尝试。各方对于难民遣返的必要性与可行性、遣返性质及难民回国后的安全等问题的争论贯穿遣返计划始终。由于政治因素对难民问题的干扰,南森—苏俄遣返计划以失败告终。它对后来处理难民问题的国际组织具有重要的借鉴价值。     

性侵幼女犯罪相关问题探析

与世界主要国家对性侵未成年人犯罪的处罚相比,嫖宿幼女罪的刑罚不轻。嫖宿幼女罪没有否定幼女性“自愿”的无效性,没有把幼女称为卖淫女,不存在道德歧视和二次伤害问题。嫖宿幼女罪体现了我国刑法对幼女性权利的格外保护,废除嫖宿幼女罪的根据不成立。     

抵押合同债法效力的解释进路

《中华人民共和国民法典》第400条承袭《中华人民共和国物权法》第185条对《中华人民共和国担保法》第41条规定的抵押合同生效模式进行了改变,但同样未就抵押合同的债法效力问题作出明文规定。《中华人民共和国民法典》颁布前,就登记要件主义下抵押未登记时的抵押人责任,既有理论和司法实践将《中华人民共和国合同法》第107条之适用视为当然,对此,应当予以系统反思。就债法面向的抵押合同及抵押登记义务,在保证合同进路与买卖合同进路之外,存在以原因行为无偿性为切入点的赠与合同解释路径,抵押合同(之债权行为面向)之无名部分可以类推适用《中华人民共和国民法典》合同编赠与合同规则;进而,抵押登记义务因《中华人民共和国民法典》第658条第1款之任意撤销权而应予以柔化,从而使得《中华人民共和国民法典》第577条之当然适用一般性地落空;同时,柔化之抵押登记义务,可据《中华人民共和国民法典》第658条第2款之公证再予以要式强化;抵押登记义务柔化几乎一概性地排除了抵押人违约责任的证立,但债权人利益保护仍得于三层次担保结构中渐次加持而得以周全。