The Moderating Effect of Criminal Thinking on Certainty of Apprehension in Decisions to Engage in Antisocial Behavior: Replication and Extension

This study explored whether the rational (certainty of punishment) and nonrational (criminal thinking) aspects of antisocial decision‐making interact. A convenience sample of 319 undergraduates (106 men, 213 women) completed a measure of criminal thinking and responded to three fictional vignettes (i.e., cheating on a final examination in a class they were in jeopardy of failing, stealing $50 off a table in a dorm room, and selling marijuana for a friend) at three different levels of risk or certainty of apprehension (50%, 10%, and 1%). Results indicated that participants reported that they would be more likely to engage in antisocial behavior when the certainty of getting caught was low and the level of proactive (P) or reactive (R) criminal thinking was high. An interaction between certainty and criminal thinking was also observed in which the gap between lower and higher criminal thinking respondents grew as the probability of getting caught fell.     

Geographic Representation in Party‐Dominated Legislatures: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Parliamentary Questions in the German Bundestag

Political representation in European democracies is widely considered partisan and collectivist. This article, however, stresses that there is more to the representative process in European democracies than just its textbook version. It emphasizes the role of geographic representation as a complementary strategy in party‐dominated legislatures that is characterized by two distinct features. First, legislators employ distinct opportunities to participate in legislative contexts to signal attention to geographic constituents without disrupting party unity. Second, these activities are motivated by individual‐ and district‐level characteristics that supplement electoral‐system‐level sources of geographic representation. We empirically test and corroborate this argument for the German case on the basis of a content analysis of parliamentary questions in the 17th German Bundestag (2009–13). In this analysis, we show that higher levels of localness among legislators and higher levels of electoral volatility in districts result in increased geographic representation.     

精神分裂症者凶杀行为特征与其刑事责任能力相关性

目的探讨精神分裂症者凶杀行为特征及影响刑事责任能力评定的因素。方法自制调查表收集并比较经司法鉴定为具有凶杀行为的精神分裂症嫌疑人(n=110)与具有凶杀行为的无精神病者(n=70)的一般人口学资料、临床资料、作案行为特征、刑事责任能力等指标,并采用Logistic回归分析法探讨影响精神分裂症嫌疑人刑事责任能力的相关因素。结果精神分裂症组和无精神病组在年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状态方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组在案发前思维障碍、情绪状态、社会功能等疾病相关因素方面差异均存在统计学意义(P0.05),并在攻击行为史、作案先兆、诱因、预谋、作案动机、作案对象、环境辨认、自我保护等一些与案情有关的特点上存在差异(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,精神分裂症组的刑事责任能力与案发前思维障碍、情绪状态、社会功能、动机、预谋、自我保护性等因素有关(P0.05)。结论为提高对具有凶杀行为的精神分裂症嫌疑人刑事责任能力评定的准确性,应综合考虑相关精神病理因素及作案特征的影响。     

试论权利的逻辑构成

在我国法学界,对权利的逻辑构成的研究是随着权利研究和权利实践的逐步深入应运而生的。在已有研究的基础上阐述自己的认识。在对国内学界在此问题上的各种观点进行归纳和简要分析的基础上,认为权利是由主体、利益、行为和正当性四要件构成的,并对这一分析框架的相关内容做出了说明。希望对我国的权利研究有所助益。     

行政不作为及其救济

行政不作为是程序上不为的行政行为,不包括单纯的实质不为。行政不作为可以分为合法行政不作为和违法行政不作为。合法行政不作为包括有法定免责事由的行政不作为和有法定不作为权利的行政不作为。违法行政不作为的构成要件包括主体要件、法定作为义务要件、不作为状态要件和主观要件,其法定的救济方法主要有确认违法或无效和责令履行法定义务。     

公共部门中的组织公民行为形成机制及对策——基于动机理论的视角

针对目前组织公民行为研究的现状,从公共部门着手,运用动机理论的视角来探讨公务员组织公民行为形成的机制,并提出相应的对策建议。     

中韩民族文化对员工行为模式影响的研究——基于大连中韩合资企业的调查

民族文化对该民族成员行为模式产生影响。本文通过对中韩合资企业员工民族文化的调查,发现其民族文化不尽相同,从而使两国员工表现出不同的行为模式,这对中韩合资企业生产经营活动产生某些影响。本文基于两国员工民族文化及受其影响的行为模式,探讨中韩合资企业管理方法选择问题。     

So-called Spontaneous Human Combustion

A well-documented case of so-called Spontaneous Human Combustion is reported. Review of the literature shows that these strange observations have been reported since the 17th century, even in famous novels. There are several main features that may lead to help the diagnosis: the vicinity of the body is intact or nearly intact, some parts of the body are turned into ashes (usually the middle third of the body), whereas other parts are intact or nearly intact, burning of the body usually occurs postmortem, the cause of death is usually natural, there is often (but not always) high concentrations of blood alcohol, there is a source of heat near the body. It is indispensable to rule out a homicide by the examination of the body in situ, the autopsy, the toxicological and histopathological samples, the arson assessment, and a thorough police inquiry.     

Who's flying the plane: serotonin levels, aggression and free will

The present paper addresses the philosophical problem raised by current causal neurochemical models of impulsive violence and aggression: to what extent can we hold violent criminal offenders responsible for their conduct if that conduct is the result of deterministic biochemical processes in the brain. This question is currently receiving a great deal of attention among neuroscientists, legal scholars and philosophers. We examine our current knowledge of neuroscience to assess the possible roles of deterministic factors which induce impulsive aggression, and the extent to which this behavior can be controlled by neural conditioning mechanisms. Neural conditioning mechanisms, we suggest, may underlie what we consider the basis of responsible (though not necessarily moral) behavior: the capacity to give and take reasons. The models we first examine are based in part upon the role played by the neurotransmitter, serotonin, in the regulation of violence and aggression. Collectively, these results would appear to argue in favor of the view that low brain serotonin levels induce impulsive aggression which overrides mechanisms related to rational decision making processes. We next present an account of responsibility as based on the capacity to exercise a certain kind of reason-responsive control over one's conduct. The problem with such accounts of responsibility, however, is that they fail to specify a neurobiological realization of such mechanisms of control. We present a neurobiological, and weakly determinist, framework for understanding how persons can exercise guidance control over their conduct. This framework is based upon classical conditioning of neurons in the prefrontal cortex that allow for a decision making mechanism that provides for prefrontal cortical control of the sites in the brain which express aggressive behavior that include the hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray. The authors support the view that, in many circumstances, neural conditioning mechanisms provide the basis for the control of human aggression in spite of the presence of brain serotonin levels that might otherwise favor the expression of impulsive aggressive behavior. Indeed if those neural conditioning mechanisms underlie the human capacity to exercise control, they may be the neural realization of reason-responsiveness generally.     

巴比妥类安眠药在胶束液相色谱中的保留行为

目的研究巴比妥类安眠药在胶束液相色谱中的保留行为,为其应用提供理论基础。方法选择阴离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）为流动相,分别考察胶束浓度、流动相pH、有机改性剂浓度、柱温等对巴比妥类安眠药保留行为的影响。结果随着胶束浓度增加,有机改性剂浓度增加以及柱温的升高,巴比妥类安眠药在色谱柱上保留能力降低。结论巴比妥类安眠药容量因子与表面活性剂SDS的浓度、有机改性剂浓度以及柱温成良好的线性关系,而巴比妥类安眠药的保留时间与流动相的pH值呈非线性关系。