社会学视野下的回族学——也谈回族学的学科属性

本文从社会学、人类学、民族学、回族学等诸学科的渊源出发,梳理了这几个学科的相互关系和地位,在此基础上探讨了回族学的学科属性。本文认为,回族学隶属民族学,其学科属性具有综合性。如果从当前回族学的社会功能、研究任务、学者构成、学科体系和发展趋势等方面来看,回族学主要应当属于一级学科的社会学。随着研究的不断深入,建立回族社会学、回族经济学等分支学科也应该提上日程。     

Open Societies and Closed Minds

Karl Popper’s equation of the closed society with tribalism is reviewed and modified. The German origins of the anthropological concept of culture and its related ideas of the folk culture and cultural relativism are explored. The vicissitudes of the idea of The Folk and its swing from Right to Left are related to contemporary neo-primitivism. The open society and high culture are defended.

Lessons of Russian in Afghanistan

The experience of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan (1979–1989) is considered through the prism of institutional transfers. Afghanistan has a long history of attempts to implement Muslim, Soviet and Anglo-Saxon institutional designs. Most of them have failed. This failure can be attributed to the lack of ‘elective affinity’ between traditional and new institutions imported from more developed countries. It is argued that a careful examination of the degree of elective affinity must precede any attempt of institutional transfers. An analysis of Ph.D. dissertations defended by Afghan students at Soviet and Russian universities complements logical arguments and references to historical facts.

文学理论:从教学形态到理论本体探讨

探讨文学理论的学科体系和理论本体问题 ,可以从文学理论的教学形态入手。在我国现行文学理论教学形态中 ,其学科概念、范畴所指存在着一些习惯性的理解与表达错误 ,导致文学理论与文学发展史、文学批评相分离。文学理论的理论活力减弱 ,使其逐渐成为知识汇编。重建文学理论学科 ,改进其教学形态 ,其思想基点是深入探索文学理论赖以生存的哲学美学资源和文学构成本身。文学理论首先是一种“理论” ,思维与方法是其不可缺少的特质 ;然后是关于“文学的”理论 ,必须紧扣文学本身进行言说。     

Chemical trace XRF analysis to detect sharp force trauma in fresh and burned bone

Forensic anthropologists may not always be able to differentiate heat-induced fractures from fractures with other aetiologies, namely sharp force traumas, with clear nefarious impact on medico-legal conclusions. The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate if blade chemical traces are transferred to defleshed bone tissue and if they remain there after a burning event. This was accomplished by prompting sharp force traumas in 20 macerated fresh pig ribs with five different instruments, namely a stainless steel knife, an artisanal knife and a ceramic kitchen knife, a small axe and a large axe. Another pig rib was used as control, not being subjected to any trauma. All instruments were probed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to establish the composition of each blade. Bone samples, both pre-burned and post-burned (at 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C), were then probed by XRF. All sharp force instruments left detectable chemical traces on pre-burned bone, although not in all samples. Furthermore, traces were still detected after experimental burning in most cases. Potentially, XRF can provide relevant information about the aetiology of fractures in burned and unburned bones, although the effect of soft tissues and diagenesis must still be investigated.     

社会的现代化与文学的现代性

研究文学的现代性的根本目的,应当有助于推动社会的现代化和人的现代化的历史进程,促进社会的全面进步和人的全面自由发展.因此,研究文学的现代性必须和探讨社会的现代化紧密联系起来,必须从我国特殊的国情、人性和文情出发,来探讨与当代中国社会的现代化相适应的文学现代性问题.     

《共产党宣言》中的文艺思想

马克思、恩格斯的《共产党宣言》不仅科学全面地阐明了无产阶级革命和关于人的解放的理论,而且深刻地论述了一些富有启发性的文艺思想。这些文艺思想对于鉴别各式各样的文艺思潮和建构当代形态的文艺理论都具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

“Sex change” in skeletal remains: Assessing how heat-induced changes interfere with sex estimation

The true impact of heat-induced changes in human bone regarding their sex estimation has not been comprehensively documented having a potentially negative impact on forensic anthropology. The objective of this paper was to evaluate how heat exposure affects sex estimation based on both morphological and metric features. The study focused in both low-to-medium intensity burns and high intensity burns. Selected sexually dimorphic features were analysed in 51 experimentally burnt skeletons from the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection. Bones were burnt to maximum temperatures between 450 °C and 1050 °C achieved after 75 to 257 min. Morphological methods tested in this study comprised the recommendations for hipbone features from Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and from Bruzek (2002). On the other hand, metric references tested here were the ones from Wasterlain (2000), Curate et al. (2016) and Gonçalves et al. (2013) focused on the humerus, femur, calcaneus and talus. Agreement was tested with Gwet’s AC1 test and was further assessed by calculating the relative amount of perfect agreements. Results demonstrated that heat-induced changes affected not only the scoring of morphological features burnt at high temperatures but also the scoring of features burnt at lower intensities. On the other hand, metric features were only considerably affected in high intensity burns, no major changes being documented for low-to-medium intensity burns. For low-to-medium intensity burns, the Bruzek and Curate et al. methods revealed a better agreement between the pre- and post-burning scores. For high intensity burns, better agreement was obtained by using the Bruzek (2002) and Gonçalves et al. (2013) methods. As expected, heat-induced warping, fracture and metric change had a major impact on the pre- and post-observations’ agreement. Contrary to what has been systematically assumed over the years, this impact is also quite substantial in bones burnt at low-to-medium burn intensities so caution is advised during the analysis of this kind of burnt skeletal material.     

困境与突围：中国现代文学研究的反思

中国现代学研究的历史大致可分为“认定”（1919-1949）、“界定”（1949-1978）和“确定”（1978-）三个时期，前两期奠定了研究的基础，后期极大地拓展和丰富了现代学的研究格局和深度。80年代中期以后，研究领域的局限、方法论的危机、思想性的缺席以及彼此之间的失衡，造成了现代学研究发展中的困境。新的化语境下的现代学研究必须史料、经典、思想性和学术性并重，在新的学术生长点的寻求中实现突破。