试论现代政府管制能力--概念缘起、内涵与中国的对策

提升现代政府管制能力是现代政府的永恒主题.近年来,政府管制能力问题业已成为重要的话题.从公共行政学的角度来看,现代政府管制能力与政府管制职能、政府管制权力、政府管制制度相关,是一种特殊的政府能力.这一判断构成提升中国政府管制能力对策的理论基础.     

刑事责任能力规定辨析

我国刑法中关于绝对无刑事责任年龄的规定不宜降低;已满14周岁不满16周岁应负刑事责任的8种犯罪是指具体犯罪行为而不是具体罪名;间歇性精神病人的规定无存在必要;尚未完全丧失辨认或控制自己行为能力精神病人的刑事责任应坚持“必减”原则;醉酒人刑事责任的规定要具体化;聋哑人和盲人犯罪的规定应当删除。     

发展型国家论的研究传统与中国悖论

发展型国家论中存在两个研究传统:第一个研究传统重视政商关系和资本形成,流行于政治学和行政学界;第二个研究传统关注政企关系和资源使用,具有经济学和管理学色彩。在发展型国家论的初创期,分别以主流和潜流形式存在的两个研究传统相互补充,为发展型国家论的发展提供了空间,连续的理论突破就是在这样的空间中实现的。在后续发展中,二者渐行渐远,发展型国家论的理论空间日益狭窄,理论突破的可能性受到限制。这种研究格局从未被识别,但是对于发展型国家论的发展具有重要影响。在20世纪90年代中期之前,每当被引入关于重要新兴经济体的分析,发展型国家论都会经历一次重要的理论突破。但是,发展型国家论与中国实践的相遇并未带来类似突破,此即发展型国家论的中国悖论。两个研究传统的疏离是发展型国家论的中国悖论的成因之一,两个研究传统的统合是推动基于发展型国家论的中国研究的重要方向。     

民事责任能力范畴分析

民事责任能力是民法中的基础性概念.任何法律关系的主体只要具备民事主体资格,该主体即拥有民事责任能力.民事责任能力隐含在民事权利能力之中,享有民事权利、承担民事义务和民事责任的资格三位一体,构成民事权利能力不可分割的要素.民事主体的民事责任能力状况,与该主体的民事行为能力和认识能力无关.民事责任能力制度贯穿于合同法、侵权法等民法分则的各个组成部分,将其局限于民法分则的任何一部分都是对民事责任能力的不当割裂.     

沿海十省(市)药品监管机构能力之比较研究

在构建社会主义和谐社会的当代中国,药品的安全性和有效性正日益引起人们的关注,而药品监管机构能力的建设与评估也开始成为社会监管领域的重要问题.通过回顾国内外已有的对政府能力概念和要素的研究,借用Nelissen的潜在能力和现实能力理论,结合世界银行2003年《世界发展报告》中对机构现实能力的要素分析和"行政储备"理论对机构潜在能力的要素分析,构建起药品监管机构能力的结构模型,并提出一套评估的指标体系.对数据进行标准化处理后,通过统计排序对沿海十省(市)药品监管机构能力进行评估和比较,进而利用最小二乘法(OLS)建立回归模型,分析潜在能力中的财力和人力因素对现实能力的贡献率.研究发现:地区财力对监管机构现实能力的影响较之人力因素要大,这在理论和实践中都可以得到证实;各地药品监管机构的潜在能力与现实能力之间存在较大差异,就那些现实机构能力较低的地区而言,现阶段有必要把工作重点放在医药企业生产经营行为的监管和农村地区医药监管基础设施的建设上;而对于潜在机构能力较低的地区来说,从"专业化、程序化和独立性"等方面提升机构整体的人力资源是当务之急.     

Facilitating industrial symbiosis programmes in developing countries: reflections from Gauteng,South Africa

This viewpoint reflects on how to improve the process of introducing facilitated industrial symbiosis programmes (FISPs) to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. Although FISPs are a long-established industrial practice, their formal introduction to SMEs in developing countries has only recently begun, mostly through support from international development agencies. Based partly on anecdotal evidence from Gauteng, South Africa, we identify six key questions which need to be addressed to improve the process of facilitating FISPs.     

Uncovering land tenure insecurities: tips for tenure responsive land-use planning in Ethiopia

Land-use planning, although a mechanism for development, can also generate insecurity during its implementation. This article argues that tenure security and land-use planning should not be implemented in isolation from each other. It posits that land-use planning – rather than restricting the security of people's tenure – has the potential to serve as a means of securing tenure. The article explores tenure (in)security elements in land-use planning as a crucial challenge in the urban town of Gelan Sidama Awash, Ethiopia. Using data collected through stakeholders’ interviews, it uncovers their tenure security challenges, and outlines a set of measures for enhancing tenure security through land-use planning.     

Challenges of research in rural poverty: lessons from large field surveys

This practical note highlights lessons learnt during the data collection of two large field surveys as part of the ongoing “Sindh Union Council and Economic Strengthening Support” (SUCCESS) programme in southern Pakistan. The experience is discussed in terms of language barriers, the educational status of households, dealing with people’s expectations and non-cooperation, and the weather conditions. The note also highlights the practice of public sharing of data in real-time to improve the design and implementation of future surveys, especially those measuring poverty and quality of life.     

Post-earthquake housing reconstruction in the Sikkim Himalaya: approaches,challenges, and lessons learnt

The Himalayan state of Sikkim, India was hit by an earthquake in 2011 that caused widespread devastation. This article reports on the housing reconstruction project in the state, focusing on three questions: what are the key planning decisions, what are the main implementation challenges, and what are the lessons learnt? The findings indicate that key planning decisions need to be taken on implementation mechanisms, financing strategies, beneficiary identification, housing design, and procurement. The main implementation challenges are enabling homeowner involvement, slow progress, timely procurement, and stalled house construction. The article also identifies useful lessons for other agencies involved in reconstruction.     

The political strategy of external aid

When creating a process of international aid, the definition of a political strategy is critically important. In theory, a government able to deliver services and goods to its population and to guarantee participation in decision-making might not need the presence of international aid. International aid should bridge an existing gap between a government and its own population by adopting a relevant political strategy. This viewpoint proposes a reference framework for international cooperation actors to define their basic political strategy and provides a comprehensive framework for situating different political strategies into a wider approach.