Science Use in Regulatory Impact Analysis: The Effects of Political Attention and Controversy

Scholars, policy makers, and research sponsors have long sought to understand the conditions under which scientific research is used in the policy‐making process. Recent research has identified a resource that can be used to trace the use of science across time and many policy domains. U.S. federal agencies are mandated by executive order to justify all economically significant regulations by regulatory impact analyses (RIAs), in which they present evidence of the scientific underpinnings and consequences of the proposed rule. To gain new insight into when and how regulators invoke science in their policy justifications, we ask: does the political attention and controversy surrounding a regulation affect the extent to which science is utilized in RIAs? We examine scientific citation activity in all 101 economically significant RIAs from 2008 to 2012 and evaluate the effects of attention—from the public, policy elites, and the media—on the degree of science use in RIAs. Our main finding is that regulators draw more heavily on scientific research when justifying rules subject to a high degree of attention from outside actors. These findings suggest that scientific research plays an important role in the justification of regulations, especially those that are highly salient to the public and other policy actors.     

30个InDel位点在华东汉族和畲族人群的法医学应用

目的 评估Investigator（R） DIPplex试剂盒中30个插入/缺失（insertion/deletion,InDel）多态性位点在华东汉族和畲族人群的法医学应用价值.方法 采用Investigator（R） DIPplex试剂盒对华东地区565名汉族和119名畲族无关个体进行分型检测,统计分析30个位点的等位基因频率和群体遗传学参数.结果 在华东汉族人群中平均Ho为0.413 3,平均DP为0.551 1,平均PIC为0.320 0.在畲族人群中平均Ho为0.389 6,平均DP为0.543 3,平均PIC为0.3100.30个位点在汉族、畲族人群中均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P＞0.05）.结论 Investigator（R） DIPplex试剂盒包含的30个位点在华东汉族和畲族中多态性良好,在特殊亲权鉴定案件中可作为良好的补充体系.     

Climate resilient planning in Bangladesh: a review of progress and early experiences of moving from planning to implementation

Bangladesh is one of the first least developed countries (LDCs) to develop a long-term climate change strategy, the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). Two funds were set up after developing the BCCSAP, one using government resources (BCCTF) and the other using donor resources (BCCRF). This paper uses the “building blocks” framework to analyse changes that occur when progressing from planning to finance and implementation by comparing the BCCRF and BCCTF. This analysis reveals how governance enablers are influenced by political economy dynamics that steer funding decisions and implementation outcomes, and provides lessons for countries pursuing climate resilience.     

南海问题中的印度因素浅析

南海问题虽然是中国与某些东南亚国家之间的双边海上领土争议,但其域外影响因素却正在发酵。除由来已久的美国因素外,印度——一个有着地区大国抱负的南亚国家——的影响日益显现。自上个世纪90年代印度制定并实施东向政策以来,南海地区被界定为与印度国家战略和经济发展密切相关的延伸区域。近年来,印度在南海海域加大了战略投入,通过加强与东南亚海上国家的经济、政治和军事联系,积极介入南海问题。未来印度在南海问题中的作用变化值得进一步关注和评估。     

Adolescent Refusal of MMR Inoculation: F (Mother) v F (Father)

F (Mother) v F (Father) concerned a dispute between parents as to whether or not their 15 and 11 year old children should receive the MMR inoculation. Mrs Justice Theis took into consideration the wishes of both parents and the two ‘intelligent, articulate and thoughtful’ minors and held that inoculation was in their best interests. The troubled history of the MMR vaccine and its importance to public health provided the backdrop. Whilst the court's efforts to establish the views of the minors are to be commended, the decision is problematic in its assessment of the minors' individual medical interests and capacities, and in the significance placed on their views when determining whether inoculation would be in their best interests.     

牛霉形体免疫相关性蛋白P51的筛选与鉴定

为了筛选免疫原性蛋白,建立牛霉形体的快速诊断方法,利用二维凝胶(2-D)电泳、Western-blot分析及蛋白质谱分析,筛选出一个免疫相关性蛋白P51。以牛霉形体中国分离株Hubei-1为模板,扩增了p51基因,并克隆到原核表达载体pET32a上。结果显示,重组蛋白pET32a-p51与牛霉形体阳性血清的Dot-blotting试验结果为阳性,而Western-blotting试验结果为阴性。以pET32a-p51重组蛋白为包被抗原的ELISA试验表明其能与自然感染和人工感染牛霉形体的阳性血清发生特异性反应,而与灭活疫苗免疫的阳性血清不发生特异性反应,与牛传染性胸膜肺炎的阳性血清没有交叉反应。表明P51可能是牛霉形体特有的一种构象依赖性免疫相关蛋白,是一种有前景的诊断用抗原。     

中药大蓟及其2种伪品的微性状鉴别

目的 鉴别市场上大蓟及其2种伪品。方法 通过微性状鉴定法对大蓟及其伪品进行观察研究。结果 蓟的茎、叶均被蛛丝毛及多细胞长节毛,苞片两面及边缘均被毛,花丝亦被毛,花药顶端呈长三角形,冠毛顶端呈纺锤形扩大或渐细;刺儿菜茎、叶仅被蛛丝毛,苞片内面无毛,花药顶端呈削尖状,冠毛顶端渐细;花叶滇苦菜茎、叶以及苞片均无毛,花丝光滑,花药顶端呈黑色,花冠被长毛,果实边缘具齿。结论 微性状鉴定法可准确、快速地鉴别大蓟及其伪品。     

中医脾与西医学对应脏腑的关系探讨

中医学所论述的脾在形态、位置、色泽等方面,更接近于西医学脾、胰两脏的结合;在生理功能方面,脾的"主统血,为谏议之官"功能与西医学脾在神经内分泌免疫系统系统中的作用有相似之处,脾主"主运化,为仓廪之官"的功能和西医学胰的功能有密切联系;在用药规律方面,归脾经的药物,对胰腺功能具有一定的调节作用;在糖尿病的中西医治疗方面,很多归脾经的药物都具有调节胰岛功能或促进胰岛再生作用;西医学研究认为,脾脏可提供成体前体细胞,促进胰岛细胞再生.中医学的脾在一定程度上包含了西医学的脾、胰二脏的功能.