论破解“三农”问题力量的转变时期

农民收入增长率较低是当前和今后一段时间内我国“三农”问题的焦点。从农民收入增长率、1997年后农民第一、二、三产业纯收入增加额占农民每年纯收入增加额的比重、城镇居民购买8种重要农产品和人均可支配收入的变动对农民收入的影响、两个比重首次低于50%和一个比重首次超过50%的变动、日本和韩国的发展经验结合我国的实际等多方面综合分析可见,近9年是破解我国“三农”问题的力量的转变时期:即农业的发展由主要依靠农业的内生力量转变到内生力量和外生力量相结合共同促进农业发展。     

提高欠发达地区农业产业化经营水平解读——陕西省渭南市农业产业化经营水平实证分析

农业产业化经营自然而然地、有机地将稳定家庭承包经营、改革经营方式和管理体制、发展市场经济和现代化农业融于一个历史进程。渭南市农业产业化经营尚处于起步阶段,各类农业产业化组织辐射面还不够广,带动农户能力也还比较弱。应依靠市场信号来组织生产经营,把增加农民收入作为发展农业产业化的基本出发点和落脚点,加快新产品的产业化开发进程,改善农村、农业基础设施薄弱的现状,彻底改造和提升传统农业和农村经济结构,推行生态和清洁生产模式,推广农业质量标准和技术规范,引导农民大力发展适销对路的新、优、特农产品,发展无公害产品、绿色食品和有机食品,实现经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。     

应准确把握农业产业化经营的本质内涵

自80年代末90年代初提出农业产业化经营之后,理论界对这个概念中的“农业”、“产业化”和“经营”的讨论,众说纷云,见仁见智。本文试图先从经济学意义上规定它们的本义,然后找出它们之间的联系,最后综合起来考察农业产业化经营概念,从而加深对农业产业化经营的理解和认识。     

提高中国农业国际竞争力的对策

面对我国加入世界贸易组织的新形势,我们应该以提高农业科技水平,发挥农业比较优势,培育和壮大市场竞争主体为对策,提高我国农业国际竞争力。     

Agrarian adaptations in Tajikistan: land reform,water and law

In Central Asia, agriculture and water management have ranked as the two most important economic activities in this arid environment. These activities gained even more prominence during the Soviet era as planners expanded irrigation into previously marginal land that bolstered their vision that the best land be allocated exclusively for cotton production. In the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has enacted laws meant to expand and clarify land use categories to meet the dual targets of expanding food production within the country while maintaining as much land as possible in cotton production – their economic mainstay. To this end, the Tajik government instituted five categories of land tenure. Though comprehensive, these new dispositions merely mask a continuation of top-down agrarian decision making implemented during the Soviet period. Consequently, this change has created new problems for farm labourers as they struggle to adapt to post-Soviet life and negotiate with the new bureaucracy in the face of ‘de-modernization’ and the loss of jobs, wages, and in many cases, access to productive land. This research demonstrates that the means by which the Tajik government expanded food production has contributed to agricultural problems apparent at the time of independence.     

在统筹城乡发展中大力推进湖南现代农业发展的对策建议

该文分析了湖南现代农业发展的现状和存在的问题,认为城乡二元体制在思想观念、体制机制、公共投人等方面对现代农业的发展形成了深层次的约束。该文建议,要推进现代农业发展,必须落实统筹城乡发展战略,破除现代农业发展的体制障碍;创新农村各项经济制度,释放现代农业发展的市场力量;统筹城乡公共投入和服务,提供现代农业发展的基础条件;完善现代农业产业链,提高现代农业发展的整体水平。     

减轻农民负担的公共政策分析

党和政府对减轻农民负担采取了许多公共政策,从政策实施过程来看,农民负担的增减交替进行、农民负担增也政府减亦政府、农民负担项目日益合法化、减轻农民负担的政策制订多落实少;从政府措施上看,减轻农民负担为改革开放创造了有利条件,但也有不足之处,主要体现在:措施“单兵突进”、农业税等据实征收不可操作、只给政策基层无法持久执行。减轻农民负担公共政策再决策应该做到:构建城乡统一的公共财政体制、构建财权与事权统一的公共产品供给体制、构建乡村良性发展的制度变迁机制。     

WTO框架内的长春农业发展

中国加入WTO,使长春市农业的未来发展被置于WTO的整体框架之中。在新的条件下我们要审时度势,按照WTO的基本规则,积极凋整长春市农业发展政策,把粮食生产作为农业保护的重点;把大力发展具有比较优势的农产品作为农业结构调整的重点;充分利用WTO规则的国内支持空间;充分利用WTO规则内的“绿盒”政策措施;利用资源优势,培育新的经济增长点。这一系列措施是长春市农业未来发展的重要保证。     

African farmer-led irrigation development: re-framing agricultural policy and investment?

The past decade has witnessed an intensifying focus on the development of irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa. It follows a 20-year hiatus in the wake of disappointing irrigation performance during the 1970s and 1980s. Persistent low productivity in African agriculture and vulnerability of African food supplies to increasing instability in international commodity markets are driving pan-African agricultural investment initiatives, such as the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), that identify as a priority the improvement in reliability of water control for agriculture. The paper argues that, for such initiatives to be effective, there needs to be a re-appraisal of current dynamics of irrigation development in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly with respect to the role of small-scale producers’ initiatives in expanding irrigation. The paper reviews the principal forms such initiatives take and argues that official narratives and statistics on African irrigation often underestimate the extent of such activities. The paper identifies five key characteristics which, it argues, contradict widely held assumptions that inform irrigation policy in Africa. The paper concludes by offering a definition of ‘farmer-led irrigation’ that embraces a range of interaction between producers and commercial, government and non-government agencies, and identifies priority areas for research on the growth potential and impact of such interactions and strategies for their future development.