应急状态下行政许可的实施

《行政许可法》和《突发事件应对法》未涉及行政许可的效力基于应急状态的变动问题。行政许可的实施在应急状态下面临合法性困境,其纾解应从形式与实质两个层面着手。应急状态下,行政机关原则上具有概括的许可实施职权,在缺乏可预见性的规范时,可在满足基本的形式合法性前提下,通过情事变更原则满足实质合法性。此时,行政许可的条件、审查标准与程序等应与常态有所差异。许可中止制度在应急状态下具有适用空间,其核心在于有效期的中止,适用于被许可人无过错的情况,有必要在《行政许可法》中加以规定。应急状态作为不可抗力,可能但不一定完全导致行政许可废止的结果。此时,行政许可的废止仍需以许可目标完全不可实现或者许可的继续实施极可能导致个人或公共利益的严重损害为前提。现行行政许可有效期延续制度在审查强度和程序等方面规则不明。应急状态下,应当放宽许可延续的申请期,对延续申请可以采用形式和书面审查,并建立依职权延续和临时延续制度。为更好应对应急状态,应当根据应急状态各处置阶段的需要,创设新的许可类型。     

允协情法:民初行政诉讼中的审判技艺——以《平政院裁决录存》为素材的考察

民初平政院对行政处分的审查并不局限于合法性层面,而是通过形成和运用"允协情法"的审判技艺,深入合理性层面制约监督行政权.在民初行政审判实践中,"法外求情"是当事人的惯常做法,"酌情准法"则是平政院的基本立场.平政院在坚持合法性审查的前提下,通过引入"情理"作为裁决准据和在建议中落实"情理"等方式,进行实质的合理性审查,...     

浅论行政领导创新能力的培养与提高

行政领导的创新能力是指行政领导者在领导活动中,推出新思想,提出新理论、新方法或新成果,制定新战略,从而使其能够更好地解决问题和实现目标的一种能力,其具有独创性、多元性、可开发性、战略性、超前性、导向性和政策性特征。目前我国在行政领导创新过程中存在按本本行事、以实用主义态度对待上级政策、执行上级指示跟风跑、“随大流”、安于现状、不思进取、用已有的旧经验办事等诸多问题;同时,要解决一些如角色定位、回避现实、行政领导自身利益与社会整体利益的关系和行政领导业绩评价等问题。因此,要提高行政领导者的创新能力必须在具体的方法与途径上坚持从实际出发,激发行政领导者的创新意识,树立马克思主义的世界观,掌握辩证的思维方法;具有合理的知识结构和广泛的知识积累,不断地优化工作的技能方法与途径。     

电子证据带给行政执法工作的挑战与对策

电子证据作为一种崭新的证据种类已经在执法实践中发挥了比较大的作用。但由于现行法律还没有对电子证据给予明确的规定,因此,有关电子证据的概念问题、其法律地位的界定问题、其法律价值的评价问题等应是电子证据研究的首要问题。此外,研究电子证据可以对具体的行政执法工作提供有益的帮助。     

行刑诉讼交叉案件的裁处机制——以行政权与刑罚权的双重法律关系为视角

中国法体系语境下的行刑诉讼交叉案件的产生,既源自违法与犯罪二元化处理机制中临界点的模糊性,又来自行政机关与刑事诉讼机关职权的交叉重叠,而最根本原因乃在于实体法中行政权与刑罚权的双重法律关系,即行政处罚权与刑罚权在惩罚严厉程度上的递进关系以及刑罚权对行政管理权(狭义)的保障关系。据此,行刑诉讼交叉案件可分为两类:一是以行政处罚行为为诉讼标的的行刑诉讼交叉案件;二是以行政管理行为(狭义)为诉讼标的的行刑诉讼交叉案件。前者的处理应秉持“刑事先行,先刑后行”的规则,后者的处断则应坚持“行政先行,刑事后理”的规则。     

“放管服”改革的行政法意义及其完善

与先前行政审批制度改革相比,党的十八大以来大力推进的"放管服"改革更加强调权力调整的动态性、整体性、系统性,其对于优化政府职责、转变监管方式、深入推进国家治理体系和能力现代化具有明显的积极意义。但此轮"放管服"改革依然沿袭了行政审批制度改革的运动化、政策化思路,并不完全符合法治政府建设的基本要求。从职权法定、监管工具的动态调整、优化公共服务的基本法则三个方面,"放管服"改革的行政法意义和合法性风险可以得到更加清晰的呈现。要提升"放管服"改革的法治品性,需要以《行政许可法》的有效实施为核心,通过设立专门的社会化的"放管服"改革委员会、激活行政许可评价制度、引入更广泛的专家和社会参与、完善试验改革的授权制度、优化规制工具分析评价制度几个方面来实现。     

Promising more to give less: international disputes between core and periphery around European posted labor, 1955–2018

ABSTRACT

The posting of workers from the European periphery has generated the longest and most tumultuous series of labor disputes in the history of European Integration. On the basis of relevant archives, this article conducts the first historical review of posting rules in the European Union, from the first negotiation in 1955 until the latest directive in 2018. This historical review enables to discard the idea of a neoliberal turn in posting rules from the 1980s onward. It also leads to reject the explanation of disputes by the movement out of the European periphery under posting rules of a Lumpenproletariat insensitive to class struggle. Instead, the article identifies the increasing regulation of the labor market at the expense of posting opportunities since thirty years. It reveals the dominant role played by governments and their invariable support for their workers. It highlights the constant asymmetry of power between core richer countries and the Southern and Eastern periphery of the European Union. Eventually, this article locates the long-term problem in the contradictions between the interests of workers and firms in richer destination countries and the enlargements of the Single Market to poorer countries.     

Obtaining redress for abuse of office in Russia: The Soviet legacy and the long road to administrative justice

This article examines the options for redressing abuse of office available to citizens in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. I consider the courts, the procuracy, and the complaint mechanism as sites for citizens to lodge claims against abuse of office in late-Soviet and post-Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet system there was an attempt to overcome the Soviet legacy, to strengthen legal institutions and establish administrative justice. Analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet normative documents and statistical data allows us to argue that opportunities for Russian citizens to combat service crimes in the courts have improved substantially. However, the system for coping with abuse of office remains imperfect, and retains features of the Soviet legacy despite vague legislation about administrative justice and dual ways of coping with abuse through legal and quasi-legal mechanisms. The re-establishment of the complaint mechanism in the conditions of contemporary Russia exacerbates this imperfection. Overall, the complaint mechanism occupies a significant place in people's options for making claims against officials, especially claims against high-ranking officials.     

Administrative Styles in the OECD: Bureaucratic Policy-Making beyond Formal Rules

As we know from comparative public policy, bureaucracies contribute to a considerable degree to the contents and the ways of policy-making. One important driver of administrative policy-making are their specific “styles” or “cultures”. “Administrative styles” are understood here as the standard operating procedures and routines that characterize the behavior and activities of administrative bodies in initiating, drafting and implementing policy. In this article, we convey the concept of Administrative Styles to the level of International Organizations (IOs) and apply it to the Organization for Economic Development and Co-Operation (OECD). The article proceeds in three steps: First, the concept of administrative styles is introduced and refined. Drawing on expert interviews with OECD staff, we secondly show that consideration of OECD administrative styles significantly advances the literature’s understanding of the organization. Finally, we give an outlook on new research avenues and the relevance of our findings for the study of International Public Administrations (IPAs) more generally.     

公共行政服务的道德约束

在市场经济中,社会公共服务的职能重要性日益突出,通过道德约束来提高服务效率,是一条重要途径。我国社会道德正处在惯例层次的第二阶段,该阶段的道德约束具有公认的多样性、对象的层次性、约束重点的集中性和实施上的高难度性等特点。对此,制度性道德约束将有利于公共服务效率的提高,制度性道德约束内涵比较丰富,在实施当中,要使潜规则显性化,以他律为主,采取多种激励手段,需要建立道德约束的保护机制。