废除《刑法》第306条的立法思考

刑事诉讼是律师重要的“战场”,且在英美国家 ,刑事律师是公认的大律师 ,是律师中水平最高、收入最丰、地位最优的群体。但在中国律师的刑事辩护业务却发展迟缓 ,甚至现在还可能出现倒退的迹象 ,这固然与中国的许多现实因素有关。文章从《刑法》第 30 6条的立法技术和司法理念出发探讨该法条对律师工作的束缚和制约 ,并提出立法建议。     

From capacity to sovereignty: Legislative politics and differentiated integration in the European Union

The literature suggests that legislative politics among European Union Member States is characterised by economic exchanges, and constrained by the social norms of a European community of legislators. Both views draw a clear line between the legislative process and the conflicts over sovereignty that have left their mark on treaty making and European public opinion since the 1990s. This article suggests revisiting this view, based on an analysis of why Member States have opted out of legislation from the 1970s to today. It argues that differentiation, while once a response to capacity problems of relatively poor countries, has recently become driven by sovereignty concerns of the Union's wealthy and nationally oriented Members that oppose the EU's intrusion into core state powers. The article presents evidence for the impact on legislative outcomes of factors so far thought not to matter. The results indicate greater European‐level legislative responsiveness towards national sovereignty demands than previously recognised. They underline that the nature of European politics has been changing with the EU's push into core state powers.     

The 2015 Spanish election: the times they are a’ changing

The Spanish legislative election of 2015 speaks of change. This is the end of the traditional two-party system and the beginning of a new political era marked by institutional renewal. The Socialist Party and the Partido Popular have both lost significant parliamentary force, whereas two new parties (Podemos, and Ciudadanos) are now crucial to ensure stable government majorities. This new parliamentary scenario seems to better mirror the political pluralism of a changing society which has already demonstrated for change in striking events such as the 15-M Movement. However, political parties are far from showing conciliatory aspirations, possibly because a new election is suddenly a realistic option. This report outlines the political context of the election, indicates the main topics during the campaign and discusses the results.     

Representation,Competing Principals,and Waffling on Bills in US Legislatures

Legislators are often placed in the position of representing the interests of their constituents against the preferences of their own party leaders. We develop a theoretical framework indicating that these cross‐pressured legislators are more likely to initially support legislation and subsequently change their minds than are legislators whose constituents and leaders share similar preferences. Moreover, we expect this pattern to be most pronounced among members of majority parties than minority‐party members. We test our expectations using data on bill cosponsorship and final passage votes from 46 lower state legislative chambers and the US House, finding considerable support for our theory.     

The electoral connection of ministerial selection in the UK

Many studies have examined the determinants of ministerial selection. However, the effect of electoral incentives on government post allocation has so far not been studied in the literature. Drawing on data from the United Kingdom over the period 1992–2015, this article investigates the relationship between the selection of ministers and the electoral interests of the actors in this selection process – party leaders and members of parliament (MPs). The findings demonstrate that the greater the electoral safety of constituencies, the more likely are MPs to have a higher office. The results reveal a broader conception of party strategy in government formation than previously documented. The paper thus suggests that electorates can affect the allocation of ministerial positions in the UK.     

行政诉讼中民事诉讼规范之“适用”——基于《行政诉讼法》第101条展开的分析

行政诉讼与民事诉讼之间的关系决定了行政诉讼中民事诉讼规范有一定的适用空间。在我国,民事诉讼规范在行政诉讼中的适用,经历了适用——参照——适用的一个制度史变迁过程。2015年经修正后实施的《行政诉讼法》第101条规定了民事诉讼规范在行政诉讼中的适用,其内容可以分为“诉讼程序”和“检察监督程序”两部分。在“诉讼程序”中,立法以“等”作不完全列举的例示性规定。从判例中我们可以看到,与原告法定代表人资格确定、二审裁判方式等相关的民事诉讼规范,也都在可以“适用”之列。毕竟,行政诉讼和民事诉讼的立法目的各异,所以,在行政诉讼中适用民事诉讼规范,应当确立不抵触立法目的和补充性两条规则。     

论行政裁判中的请求权方法

我国当下行政裁判实践中,主要存在“行政行为分析方法”与“行政法律关系分析方法”这两种方法。民法上成熟而严谨的“请求权方法”可以引入行政裁判,通过行政法上“公法权利之甄别”、“请求权基础之检索”和“公法限制之审查”等步骤予以适用。当下的行政裁判上请求权分析方法还存在“规范缺失”、“视野偏狭”等问题,需要与传统的行政行为分析方法相对接,并适当引入“正当程序”和“公共政策”等考量因素,使其充实并完善。     

中国部门行政职权相对集中初论

为了解决我国行政执法领域存在的部门林立、多头执法、重复执法、执法扰民与执法低效等问题,必须系统地进行行政职权的优化配置,积极推行部门行政职权相对集中,探求行政执法体制改革与创新的路径,实现行政精简、统一与效能。目前,推行部门行政职权相对集中,在认识因素、适用依据和保障机制等方面还面临着诸多障碍,这在一定程度上制约了部门行政职权相对集中的改革进程。为此,必须更新行政执法观念,加强行政法制建设,促进行政体制与制度创新,完善相应的保障机制等,以使这项改革取得实质性的进展,达到预期的目标。     

部分抽象行政行为纳入国家赔偿范围研究

抽象行政行为是否应当纳入国家赔偿的范围,已经成为国家赔偿法修改时必须妥善解决的一个重大问题。将抽象行政行为纳入国家赔偿范围已经是国家赔偿法发展的一个必然趋势。这是由国家赔偿的本质与目的、抽象行政行为侵权的现实性、建设法治政府的战略目标等原因共同决定的。在我国目前阶段,我们应当将抽象行政行为纳入赔偿范围,同时,对抽象行政行为的赔偿程序与制度进行重构。最具可行性又能满足基本公正性要求的制度设计是在县级以上人民政府设立行政赔偿委员会,由其负责审理部分抽象行政行为赔偿案件。     

简论农村合作医疗的立法原则

新型农村合作医疗制度是推进社会主义新农村建设的重要内容之一,这项制度的全面实行必须有赖于立法的保障。本文仅就农村合作医疗制度立法保障中的立法原则、责任和监管主体、立法形式和立法协调等几个问题进行了探讨,并提出了在现阶段此项制度的推行必须采取自愿参与和隐性强制相结合的原则等新观点。