Hybrid law and human rights – banning and behaviour orders in the appeal courts

The desire of the New Labour Government to be seen as responsive to popular concerns and moral panics over hooliganism and anti-social behaviour is resulting in the increased use of legislative responses that bridge criminal and civil law. Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and Football Banning Orders are two key examples of this ‘Hybrid Law’, imposed as a response to criminal conduct, supported by criminal law sanctions, but operating under a civil law procedure providing fewer protections for defendants. These hybrid orders have the power to severely restrict the freedom of individuals who have not been found guilty of any criminal offence, and have been challenged in two important cases under Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The decisions of the Appeal Courts that the purpose of the orders is merely preventative rather than punitive, and can therefore be justifiably imposed under a civil law procedure, is controversial and indicates an unwillingness to use the powers of the Human Rights Act to challenge such legislation and protect the fundamental human rights of defendants.Dr Geoff Pearson is Lecturer in Law, Management School, University of Liverpool     

Children's Rights and the Politics of Food: Big Food Versus Little People

This article traces the battle in the United States during the Obama administration, continuing into the Trump administration, to protect children's rights to food. It explores barriers to development of sound, science‐based food policies, including the refusal to recognize food as a human right, anti‐science denialism, hostility toward government regulation, and relative powerlessness of children. It points to the role of a “Big Food Pyramid” composed of powerful food industry and large scale distribution and marketing interests in blocking sound policies in prenatal and infant nutrition, school lunches, SNAP and WIC, the marketing to children of high fat and fructose‐laden products, and campaigns to increase youth fitness. While predicting a continuing assault at the federal level on children's rights to safe and healthy foods, the article highlights the positive role of consumer demand in shaping marketing, labeling and production of food and opportunities for leaders in the food industry and in government at local, municipal and state levels to continue the battle for sound food policies.     

论我国反垄断法域外效力原则的定位

赋予反垄断法以域外效力是适应经济全球化的必然要求.我国反垄断法规定域外效力原则有利于遏制和预防国际垄断行为对中国经济产生的不利影响.反垄断法域外效力原则在立法实践中有多种形式,其核心在于反垄断法域外效力原则的定位.正确定位我国反垄断法域外效力原则对于我国在国际经济交往中避免争议和选择性司法有重要意义.     

认识美国的反华势力--蓝队

中美关系的好坏对中美两国和全世界都有重大影响,中美关系的波折,除了一些客现因素外,美国的反华势力特别是所谓蓝队的兴风作浪起了较大作用。要推动对中美人民和世界人民都有利的中美关系的良性发展,世人应该认清蓝队的面目和用心,并与之进行有策略的斗争。     

依法加强反分裂斗争 推进西藏的长治久安

西藏的反分裂斗争由来已久,当前我们同达赖集团及支持他们的国际敌对势力的斗争仍然尖锐复杂,然而,国家现有的法律法规与西藏反分裂斗争的现实法律需求不相适应,西藏自治地方在遵守国家法律基本原则的前提下,尽快出台反分裂地方性法规,是十分必要。同时,应大力提高西藏自治地方各族人民的法律素养,夯实反分裂斗争的法律思想基础,对于进一步推动西藏从基本稳定走向长治久安具有十分重要的意义。     

Towards a Theory of Institutionalized Judicial Exceptionalism

What happens when the exception becomes the norm, what happens when the law becomes a form for that which cannot have a legal form, that is, the political? The focus of this article is a form of power politics that is institutionalised and set up to work side by side with the existing legal system as a sort of normalized, co‐ordinated court procedure, initiated with the aim of subjecting specific groups (terrorists, criminals) to extended regulatory control and enforcement. These strategic bureaucratic mechanisms of exclusion appear as security enforced measures, which side by side with the existing ‘normal’ legal system govern a specific judicial‐political area. The normalised (or rooted, if one wishes) incorporation of extra‐judicial authority within the legal system will in the article be refered to as institutionalised judicial exceptionalism. The purpose of the article is to theorise and conceptualise the in many ways murky or indistinct phenomenon of institutionalised judicial exceptionalism.This task includes suggesting a model capable of assimilating within its theory the displacement in the relationship between the state, the law and the citizen that stems from the fact that the ever more securitized discourses on terrorism and crime increasingly take priority over the ordinarily non‐derogable principle of equality before the law.     

小鼠2种和人4种精子抗原免疫对小鼠妊娠的影响

目的:观察用小鼠和人不同的精子抗原免疫雌小鼠对妊娠影响.方法:用小鼠2种和人4种精子抗原免疫雌小鼠,采用酶标法检测血清抗精子抗体(AsAb),观察各组小鼠妊娠率及胎仔数.结果:随着主动免疫的进行,小鼠血清AsAb显著升高( P <0.01).精子抗原免疫小鼠8周后,小鼠精子混合抗原免疫小鼠效果最好,妊娠率为零,DTT提取的人精子膜抗原和人全精子抗原免疫小鼠效果较好,妊娠率为16.7%,显著低于正常对照组的63.6%( P <0.01或 P <0.05).结论:在人精子抗原中,DTT提取的人精子膜抗原和人全精子抗原免疫雌小鼠效果最好.在小鼠精子抗原中,DTT、NP-40、Triton-100提取的小鼠精子膜混合抗原免疫雌小鼠效果最好.     

抗日军政大学思想政治工作特色及经验

抗日军政大学的思想政治工作在原则上体现出实效性与规律性,工作方式和途径具有灵活性与趣味性,其经验具有重要的借鉴意义。     

英国殖民政策与马来亚人民抗日军

本文主要从英国殖民政策的角度,分析马来亚人民抗日军建立及解散的原因。重点探讨:太平洋战争前英国殖民政策与马共的活动;1941年太平洋战争爆发后英国殖民政策与马抗的建立与解散;英军政策与马抗解散的关系。笔者认为,英国对日宣战,为马共获得合法地位和组建马抗提供了条件,英国战时的马来亚政策和马共的被动应对,是战后初期马抗听命解散的重要原因之一。     

对目前我国基层金融机构反洗钱工作的几点思考

反洗钱工作在当今复杂的金融和社会环境下是一项重要而艰巨的工作。目前基层金融机构基本上能按规定开展反洗钱日常工作。但由于反洗钱工作还处于起步阶段，无论是工作力度、实效，还是长效管理机制建设，都未达到有关要求，亟待于在今后工作中进一步加强和提高。