合意性搜查制度:基础与应用

合意性搜查的法理基础存在于其搜查必要性与被搜查人自由意志的双重保证之上。在西方法治国家,合意性搜查是一种运用范围较广、但又受到严格的程序规制的任意性侦查行为。而在我国,合意性搜查在侦查实践中尽管普遍存在并运行良好,但却处于立法缺失的无序状态。基于对现行制度的考察与法治国家的经验借鉴,应确立适合中国国情的合意性搜查制度。     

Monte-Carlo Filesystem Search – A crawl strategy for digital forensics

Criminal investigations invariably involve the triage or cursory examination of relevant electronic media for evidentiary value. Legislative restrictions and operational considerations can result in investigators having minimal time and resources to establish such relevance, particularly in situations where a person is in custody and awaiting interview. Traditional uninformed search methods can be slow, and informed search techniques are very sensitive to the search heuristic's quality. This research introduces Monte-Carlo Filesystem Search, an efficient crawl strategy designed to assist investigators by identifying known materials of interest in minimum time, particularly in bandwidth constrained environments. This is achieved by leveraging random selection with non-binary scoring to ensure robustness. The algorithm is then expanded with the integration of domain knowledge. A rigorous and extensive training and testing regime conducted using electronic media seized during investigations into online child exploitation proves the efficacy of this approach.     

The Google conundrum: Perpetrator or facilitator on the net? – Forging a fair copyright framework of rights, liability and responsibility in response to search engine 2.0 – Part I: The Google Images Search Engine

Is Google in its quest for search engine optimization through the creation of new technologies, which not only improves its search algorithms but also refines its search functions for users, doing it in a manner that makes it a perpetrator of primary copyright infringement or an invaluable facilitator for Internet functionality? How should the balance of interests in the treatment of creative works be recalibrated in the face of changes in search engine technology and operations, and the disputes that have arisen within the last decade in the context of the digital age and its needs? Using Google as a case study, this paper will look at the two main areas of dispute over the operations of information locator tools and services that either threatens search engine functionality and efficiency or weakens copyright holders’ exclusive rights. It proposes a concerted set of solutions through a reassessment and amendment of copyright law to optimize the social benefits and objectives of both the copyright regime and technological innovations in the electronic model of information archiving, indexing and delivery. A fair distribution of responsibilities and allocation of rights and liabilities will be suggested. In the process, due consideration will be given to both public and private interests, with the former taking precedence; while the recommended solutions will be made within the currently outdated framework for Internet intermediary protection (i.e. safe harbor laws) and exceptions (i.e. specific statutory exemptions and the general fair use defense) under the existing copyright regime. Thus, the proposed changes will be far reaching without being too radical a departure from current law, an evolution that will likely be more acceptable and realistic a solution to the problem.This paper is published in two parts. Part One of this paper will deal with the challenges to the copyright regime posed by the operations and technology behind the Google Images Search Engine, while Part Two that will be published in the subsequent edition of the CLSR will assess the benefits of the Google Books Search Project vis-à-vis the effects it will have on the scope of copyright protection. Recommendations are made to copyright law to accommodate both functions while generally preserving the main objectives of copyright protection.     

西方警察盘查立法对我国的启示

盘查是警察执法的重要手段与措施.目前,我国的警察盘查制度仍然存在一些不足之处.为了完善我国的警察盘查制度,建议将盘查措施纳入《刑事诉讼法》进行规范,借鉴英国的成文法对警察盘查权作出详细规定,借鉴美国判例法对警察盘查权的行使原则进行规范等.     

我国无证搜查制度法理之构建——《刑事诉讼法》第111条第二款质疑

《刑事诉讼法》第111条第二款"在执行逮捕、拘留的时候,遇有紧急情况,不另用搜查证也可以进行搜查"的规定,含义比较模糊,可作"重叠式"和"并列式"两种理解。从目前实务运作和立法用语表达习惯来看,"重叠式"理解比"并列式"理解合理。但如果作"重叠式"理解,第二款在三个方面违背了有关搜查制度预设的基本法理。构建我国无证搜查制度的基本法理,对抑止搜查权力滥用和发挥搜查权力的应有效能势所必然。应明确无证搜查的种类,同时将必要性要件、可能性要件和适度性要件作为无证搜查合法实施的构成要件及认定标准。     

论我国盘查措施的特征与法律性质

我国盘查措施具有盘查对象的非特定性、临场遭遇性、即时性、直接强制性和短暂羁押性五个特征。在实践中要注意盘查与查验身份证、治安检查、日常监督检查和清查的区别。对盘查的法律性质要作二阶段的考察,其中的当场盘问、检查属于行政即时强制措施,而继续盘问已转变为一种有节制的警察行政调查措施。     

Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search

Eight years after the Lawrence Inquiry, the question of police powers to stop and search people in public places remains at the forefront of debate about police community relations. Police are empowered to stop and search citizens under a wide range of legislative acts and the power is employed daily across Britain. Far from laying the debate to rest, the Lawrence Inquiry prompted new research studies and fresh theories to explain the official statistics. We argue that the statistics show that the use of the powers against black people is disproportionate and that this is an indication of unlawful racial discrimination. If stop and search powers cannot be effectively regulated – and it seems that they cannot – then their continued use is unjustified and should be curtailed.     

对指纹自动识别系统检索方法的探讨

指纹自动识别系统的建立和普及,逐步实现了指纹管理的自动化和网络化。要充分发挥系统的作用,必须熟悉系统的功能,了解库存指纹的情况,提高指纹专业技术人员的素质,加强指纹系统标准化管理建设。只有这样,才能用好、用活系统,准确、快速破案。     

“群租房”刑法属性的实践分析

“入户”一直作为抢劫罪的加重处罚情节出现在《刑法》第二百六十三条关于抢劫罪的规定中.随着《刑法修正案(八)》的施行,入户盗窃作为一种特殊的盗窃类型被单独予以列举,并取消其入罪时的数额标准.因此“入户”在刑法中的地位越来越重要.但在司法实践中,对于进入“群租房”实施抢劫、盗窃的,是否可以认定为具有入户情节,一直存在争议.“群租房”可以基本分成三种类型,绝大多数“群租房”均符合相关司法解释规定的“户”的功能特征和场所特征.在刑法上将“群租房”区别于一般居民住宅,会在操作中带来一定的混乱.刑事司法中将“群租房”认定为“户”有其可行性和现实必要性.