初论刑事附带搜查制度

刑事附带搜查是现代刑事诉讼搜查制度中的一个重要内容。本文初步探讨了附带搜查的法理依据 ,对美国、英国、日本以及我国台湾地区的有关刑事附带搜查的立法规定进行了比较、研究 ,并对我国现行刑事附带搜查制度进行了评析 ,进而提出了完善我国刑事附带搜查的若干对策。     

The Google conundrum: Perpetrator or facilitator on the net? – Forging a fair copyright framework of rights, liability and responsibility in response to search engine 2.0 – Part I: The Google Images Search Engine

Is Google in its quest for search engine optimization through the creation of new technologies, which not only improves its search algorithms but also refines its search functions for users, doing it in a manner that makes it a perpetrator of primary copyright infringement or an invaluable facilitator for Internet functionality? How should the balance of interests in the treatment of creative works be recalibrated in the face of changes in search engine technology and operations, and the disputes that have arisen within the last decade in the context of the digital age and its needs? Using Google as a case study, this paper will look at the two main areas of dispute over the operations of information locator tools and services that either threatens search engine functionality and efficiency or weakens copyright holders’ exclusive rights. It proposes a concerted set of solutions through a reassessment and amendment of copyright law to optimize the social benefits and objectives of both the copyright regime and technological innovations in the electronic model of information archiving, indexing and delivery. A fair distribution of responsibilities and allocation of rights and liabilities will be suggested. In the process, due consideration will be given to both public and private interests, with the former taking precedence; while the recommended solutions will be made within the currently outdated framework for Internet intermediary protection (i.e. safe harbor laws) and exceptions (i.e. specific statutory exemptions and the general fair use defense) under the existing copyright regime. Thus, the proposed changes will be far reaching without being too radical a departure from current law, an evolution that will likely be more acceptable and realistic a solution to the problem.This paper is published in two parts. Part One of this paper will deal with the challenges to the copyright regime posed by the operations and technology behind the Google Images Search Engine, while Part Two that will be published in the subsequent edition of the CLSR will assess the benefits of the Google Books Search Project vis-à-vis the effects it will have on the scope of copyright protection. Recommendations are made to copyright law to accommodate both functions while generally preserving the main objectives of copyright protection.     

西方警察盘查立法对我国的启示

盘查是警察执法的重要手段与措施.目前,我国的警察盘查制度仍然存在一些不足之处.为了完善我国的警察盘查制度,建议将盘查措施纳入《刑事诉讼法》进行规范,借鉴英国的成文法对警察盘查权作出详细规定,借鉴美国判例法对警察盘查权的行使原则进行规范等.     

论人肉搜索的合法界限

狭义的人内搜索指通过网络上现有资料将人肉搜索对象的资料乃至个人和家人的隐私暴露出来.其结果可能附带引发对当事人的骚扰甚至侮辱和伤害,侵犯当事人的隐私权、名誉权甚至身体健康权.合法的人肉搜索要区分个人隐私权和公众知情权的界限、言论自由和公众评论正当性的界限.普通公民和公职人员的个人隐私与私人行为应该受到保护,网民对国家公职人员的违法、违纪现象进行披露则应属于公众行使知情权的行为.在人内搜索中,如果搜索者在主观臆断的基础上对被搜索对象的信息进行复制、改变和传播,可能会侵害当事人的隐私权、名誉权甚至健康权,不属于行使言论自由;如果因此造成当事人的损失,言论者和网站管理者都应承担相应的法律责任.     

我国无证搜查制度法理之构建——《刑事诉讼法》第111条第二款质疑

《刑事诉讼法》第111条第二款"在执行逮捕、拘留的时候,遇有紧急情况,不另用搜查证也可以进行搜查"的规定,含义比较模糊,可作"重叠式"和"并列式"两种理解。从目前实务运作和立法用语表达习惯来看,"重叠式"理解比"并列式"理解合理。但如果作"重叠式"理解,第二款在三个方面违背了有关搜查制度预设的基本法理。构建我国无证搜查制度的基本法理,对抑止搜查权力滥用和发挥搜查权力的应有效能势所必然。应明确无证搜查的种类,同时将必要性要件、可能性要件和适度性要件作为无证搜查合法实施的构成要件及认定标准。     

对指纹自动识别系统检索方法的探讨

指纹自动识别系统的建立和普及,逐步实现了指纹管理的自动化和网络化。要充分发挥系统的作用,必须熟悉系统的功能,了解库存指纹的情况,提高指纹专业技术人员的素质,加强指纹系统标准化管理建设。只有这样,才能用好、用活系统,准确、快速破案。     

论我国盘查措施的特征与法律性质

我国盘查措施具有盘查对象的非特定性、临场遭遇性、即时性、直接强制性和短暂羁押性五个特征。在实践中要注意盘查与查验身份证、治安检查、日常监督检查和清查的区别。对盘查的法律性质要作二阶段的考察,其中的当场盘问、检查属于行政即时强制措施,而继续盘问已转变为一种有节制的警察行政调查措施。     

对“人肉搜索”现象的法律思考

近几年来，“人肉搜索”事件的愈演愈烈，给我们提出了新的法律难题。解决问题的思路是：完善。隐私权法律保护制度；探索建立网络实名制度；加强对网站的管理，尤其是网络运营者需加强对自身网站的审查、监管力度；网民应提高自身素质，加强自律。     

对搜查的几点认识

搜查权的一个重要特征就是具有很大的强制性,其主体是侦查人员。搜查要持搜查证才能进行,除非在紧急情况下。搜查的种类包括嫌疑人的人身、物品和住处。搜查必须严格按法定程序进行。     

Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search

Eight years after the Lawrence Inquiry, the question of police powers to stop and search people in public places remains at the forefront of debate about police community relations. Police are empowered to stop and search citizens under a wide range of legislative acts and the power is employed daily across Britain. Far from laying the debate to rest, the Lawrence Inquiry prompted new research studies and fresh theories to explain the official statistics. We argue that the statistics show that the use of the powers against black people is disproportionate and that this is an indication of unlawful racial discrimination. If stop and search powers cannot be effectively regulated – and it seems that they cannot – then their continued use is unjustified and should be curtailed.