担当:一种科层运作的效能转化工具

以形式理性著称的理性官僚制理论上并没有担当的价值空间,但当代中国科层制处于传统、现代、后现代交织的社会转型之中,处于从历史官僚制向理性官僚制对接的转型时期,有必要继承传统伦理精粹,发扬使命型政党的红色力量,以担当的价值理性驾驭官僚机器的形式理性,发挥国家治理制度优势,实现国家治理效能.这就需要实现政策民主化与政策科学化...     

Bolt Cutter Blade's Imprint in Toolmarks Examination

Bolt cutters are known as cutting tools which are used for cutting hard objects and materials, such as padlocks and bars. Bolt cutter blades leave their imprint on the cut objects. When receiving a cut object from a crime scene, forensic toolmarks examiners can determine whether the suspected cutting tool was used in a specific crime or not based on class characteristic marks and individual marks that the bolt cutter blades leave on the cut object. The paper presents preliminary results of a study on ten bolt cutters and suggests a quick preliminary examination—the comparison between the blade thickness and the width of the imprint left by the tool on the cut object. Based on the comparison result, if there is not a match, the examiner can eliminate the feasibility of the use of the suspected cutting tool in a specific crime. This examination simplifies and accelerates the comparison procedure.     

Comparison of Dimensional Accuracies Using Two Elastomeric Impression Materials in Casting Three‐dimensional Tool Marks

The purpose of this study was to evaluate two types of impression materials which were frequently used for casting three‐dimensional tool marks in China, namely (i) dental impression material and (ii) special elastomeric impression material for tool mark casting. The two different elastomeric impression materials were compared under equal conditions. The parameters measured were dimensional accuracies, the number of air bubbles, the ease of use, and the sharpness and quality of the individual characteristics present on casts. The results showed that dental impression material had the advantage of special elastomeric impression material in casting tool marks in crime scenes; hence, it combined ease of use, dimensional accuracy, sharpness and high quality.     

Virtual Tool Mark Generation for Efficient Striation Analysis,

This study introduces a tool mark analysis approach based upon 3D scans of screwdriver tip and marked plate surfaces at the micrometer scale from an optical microscope. An open‐source 3D graphics software package is utilized to simulate the marking process as the projection of the tip's geometry in the direction of tool travel. The edge of this projection becomes a virtual tool mark that is compared to cross‐sections of the marked plate geometry using the statistical likelihood algorithm introduced by Chumbley et al. In a study with both sides of six screwdriver tips and 34 corresponding marks, the method distinguished known matches from known nonmatches with zero false‐positive matches and two false‐negative matches. For matches, it could predict the correct marking angle within ±5–10°. Individual comparisons could be made in seconds on a desktop computer, suggesting that the method could save time for examiners.     

The Class Characteristic Mark of the H&M Mul‐T‐Lock Picking Tool in Toolmarks Examination

Mul‐T‐Lock is a high security lock cylinder distinguished by the use of a telescoping “pin‐in‐pin”—tumbler design. Picking the Mul‐T‐Lock cylinder with a traditional picking tool is highly complicated because it can get stuck between the inner and outer pins. The H&M Mul‐T‐Lock picking tool was designed to overcome this problem and facilitate the picking of the “pin‐in‐pin” cylinder. The purpose of this research is to determine whether H&M Mul‐T‐Lock picking tool leaves class characteristic mark and whether it can be distinguished from traditional picking tools marks and from regular key marks. It also describes and determines the class characteristic mark left on telescopic pins, its origin, recurrence, and its benefit to the toolmarks examiner. When receiving a Mul‐T‐Lock from a crime scene, a toolmarks examiner can quickly determine whether or not it was picked by an H&M Mul‐T‐Lock picking tool by noticing the class characteristic mark which this typical tool leaves.     

Defending the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline: responding to recent challenges

Recent challenges have brought the discipline of firearms and tool mark identification to the forefront in recent court cases. This article reviews those challenges and offers substantial support for the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline. A careful review of the available literature has revealed that firearms and tool mark identification is rooted in firm scientific foundations, critically studied according to the precepts of the scientific method culminating in the Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners' Theory of Identification. Firearms and tool mark identification has been validated in a manner appropriate for evidence of the kind to be expected in firearms and tool mark examinations. Proficiency tests and error rates have been studied and can provide consumers of the disciple with a useful guide as to the frequency with which misidentifications are reported in the community using appropriate methodologies and controls. As a result, the primary issues in recent challenges do not invalidate the firearms and tool mark discipline as a science nor should it detract it from its admissibility in a court of law.     

划损机动车案件的工具痕迹初探

鉴于目前使用硬物划损机动车的案件日益增多，文章收集了大量此类案件的资料，并通过实验方式，归纳了几种较为常见的作案工具痕迹特征，为分析判断作案工具提供参考，同时通过工具痕迹进一步分析刻画犯罪嫌疑人的行为特征与人身特点。     

在国际贸易中外语知识应用的重要性

在经济全球化的进程中,国际贸易在世界经济的发展中起到重要的作用。外语,作为国际贸易的一种交流工具备受重视。在外语中,英语作为国际语言,在国际贸易中必不可少,被广泛的使用。     

试论间接正犯承认的必要性及其理论依据

间接正犯并不是正犯概念诞生时就内含的部分,而是随着司法实践和刑法理论的发展,对正犯概念的一种补充和完善;作为间接正犯存在的理论依据,较为适当的应是从利用人和被利用人两方面出发,既坚持主客观相统一的原则,又能体现间接正犯本身特性的"工具理论"。     

高压喷冷式刀具的切削性能研究

文章分析了常规冷却供给下刀具切削的不利影响,阐述了高压喷冷式刀具的工作成因、刀具性能及应用领域,通过性能测试与零件实际加工表明使用该刀具的几大优点:增加刀具寿命、降低生产成本、改善切屑控制、改善工件的表面粗糙度、提高劳动生产率。