论现代领导文化的建构

领导文化是领导活动成败的决定性因素,其现代化无疑是一个重要而紧迫的课题。现代领导文化可以从器物、制度和意识形式三个层面建构。器物层面的建构包括领导行为模式、身份与行为、领导形象和领导魅力;制度层面的建构包括领导体制的变革和创新,国家方针、政策和路线两个方面;意识形式层面的建构包括追求民富、民强、民智,塑造领导价值观,追求领导精神三个方面。     

Validation of Tool Mark Comparisons Obtained Using a Quantitative,Comparative, Statistical Algorithm

Abstract: A statistical analysis and computational algorithm for comparing pairs of tool marks via profilometry data is described. Empirical validation of the method is established through experiments based on tool marks made at selected fixed angles from 50 sequentially manufactured screwdriver tips. Results obtained from three different comparison scenarios are presented and are in agreement with experiential knowledge possessed by practicing examiners. Further comparisons between scores produced by the algorithm and visual assessments of the same tool mark pairs by professional tool mark examiners in a blind study in general show good agreement between the algorithm and human experts. In specific instances where the algorithm had difficulty in assessing a particular comparison pair, results obtained during the collaborative study with professional examiners suggest ways in which algorithm performance may be improved. It is concluded that the addition of contextual information when inputting data into the algorithm should result in better performance.     

刑事责任能力评估工具在司法精神病鉴定中的应用

目前,我国刑事责任能力采用三分法,分为完全责任能力、限定责任能力和元责任能力.但在司法精神病鉴定工作中,由于缺乏客观标准,三者的区分尚带有较大主观性,常导致不同鉴定人对同一案例的责任能力判定存在分歧.因此,刑事责任能力的评定一直是司法精神病鉴定亟待解决的难题.本文综述了在司法精神病鉴定中使用的几种责任能力评定量表及其应用情况,认为虽然目前这类量表的信度和效度存在争议,但其对提高鉴定结果的科学性、客观性提供了一种良好思路.     

当代中国地方政府行为模式分析：政府偏好—政府过程—政府工具视角

政府偏好、政府过程、政府工具三个范畴共同构成的分析框架是研究当代中国地方政府行为模式的有效工具。从这个角度分析当代中国地方政府行为模式,其基本特征表现为：上级政府需求主导型政府偏好、精英政策模式为主轴的政府过程和强制性工具为主体的政府工具选择结构。     

Value-For-Money Audit for Accountability and Performance Management in Local Government in Ghana

Public sector organizations, including local government (LG) entities, continue to resort to value for money (VFM) audit to enhance performance and accountability. Based on the analysis of the consolidated reports on the annual performance-based Functional Organizational Assessment Tool (FOAT)—VFM audit—in Ghana to determine the efficacy of VFM on performance, this article argues that VFM audits constitute a significant public management tool that could enhance LG performance. However, the FOAT reports, like most VFM audits, only provide quantitative evidence, which fails to capture the qualitative or other relevant explanatory factors behind the recorded performance improvement.     

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cartridge Case Double-Casts

Due to the shot-to-shot variability in tool mark reproduction on fired cartridge cases, a method of replication is needed for the creation of training and testing sets. Double-casting is one method that has been used for this application, but the accuracy and variability of this method needs to be characterized. Three firearms were used to fire 25 cartridges each to create the master cartridge cases. The double-casting method consists of creating a silicone mold of the master cartridge case. A plastic resin mix is then poured into the mold to create the double-cast reproduction. Fifteen double-casts of each of the 75 fired cartridge cases were created across different silicone molds to analyze within- and between-mold variability. The master cartridge cases and double-casts were scanned with a confocal microscope (Sensofar® S neox) to create three-dimensional representations of the surfaces. Two similarity metrics were used for the objective comparison of the double-casts to their master cartridge cases: the areal correlation coefficient (ACCF_MAX) and the number of congruent matching cells (CMC). The ACCF_MAX and CMC data, along with visual examinations, showed that the double-casting method produces accurate reproductions. Within-mold variability was found to be minimal, and between-mold variability was low. These results illustrate that double-casting can be applied for training and testing purposes.     

The Heritability of Palatal Rugae Morphology Among Siblings*†

Although there is clinical applicability of the palatal rugae as an identification tool in forensic odontology, controversy exists whether the palatal rugae patterns are stable or variable. The greater the genetic component, the higher the probability that palatal rugae patterns are stable. The aim of this study was to compare the palatal rugae morphology between full siblings and the proportion of variability due to genetic component. This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital models of 162 siblings aged 15–30 years old. The palatal rugae patterns were assessed with Thomas and Kotze (1983) classification using Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). The palatal rugae morphology between siblings showed significantly similar characteristics for total number of left rugae (p = 0.001), left primary rugae (p = 0.017), secondary rugae for right (p = 0.024) and left sides (p = 0.001), right straight rugae (p = 0.010), and right convergent rugae (p = 0.005) accounting for at least 6.25%-12.8% of the variability due to heredity. Despite the similarities found, the palatal rugae patterns showed significant differences between siblings of at least 46.9% (p = 0.001). Zero heritability was found in 9 of the 14 rugae patterns. Meanwhile, total number of rugae, primary, backward, and convergent rugae showed moderate heritability (h² > 0.3) and total number of secondary rugae showed high heritability (h² > 0.6). In conclusion, despite the individuality characteristics, an appreciable hereditary component is observed with significant similarities found between sibling pairs and the palatal rugae patterns were both environmentally and genetically influenced.     

作为政府工具的隐私影响评估:缘起、价值、实施与启示

隐私影响评估作为政府保护公民隐私的重要工具,已在西方发达国家隐私管理实践中有着二十多年的应用与发展历程。西方隐私影响评估缘起于公众隐私保护诉求和政府隐私管理需要,在特定的政府信息数据管理项目中通过识别隐私风险因素、评估隐私风险影响和制定隐私风险应对方案发挥着一系列积极作用。隐私影响评估的实施分为准备阶段、分析阶段和落实阶段。准备阶段的任务是描述评估锚定项目、选择评估执行时机、确定评估执行主体和明确评估协商对象,分析阶段的任务是描述项目信息流动、识别项目隐私风险和制定风险应对方案,落实阶段的任务是发布隐私评估报告、实施风险应对方案和持续更新评估结果。西方隐私影响评估的丰富实践给我国制定隐私影响评估指南、设置隐私影响评估机构、构建多元主体协商机制和建立隐私风险管理体系提供了重要启示。     

政府工具识别分类新捋

识别分类是政府工具研究的基础工作,本文试图构建一个新的概念框架。依从强制性与非强制性的基本逻辑关系,在学界已有分类基础上,以规范作为基点,可以将法律、政策和制度作为同一类型的政府工具;基于行政法的特殊功用和与政府规制存在诸多交集的双重立意,可以将行政执法单列出来作为一类政府工具;此外,以非强制性作为主要特征,可以将市场化工具、社会化工具、道德教育工具和文化宣传工具归为综合性的政府工具。运用政府工具的重点在于选择,要控制好选择匹配的各种影响因素;要学会辩证思维,认真分析工具运用面临的挑战,积极寻求提升工具使用效能的路径。     

政策工具视角的中小企业技术创新政策分析

政府正确选择和科学设计中小企业技术创新政策工具,是促进中小企业技术创新政策目标顺利实现的基本保证。政策工具的选择与设计是一项具有关键意义的工作。本文采用内容分析法,具体分析了国务院十二部委颁布的《关于支持中小企业技术创新的若干政策》的政策工具选择特点,并在此基础上提出合理布局及优化完善中小企业技术创新政策体系的途径和方法。