Four Lessons for Developing Countries from the Trade Negotiations Over Access to Medicines

After the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) came into operation in 1995 developing countries have found themselves in a process of continual negotiation over intellectual property rights and access to medicines. These negotiations have taken place in the World Trade Organization and in the context of free trade agreements. The paper suggests that the only real win for developing countries has been the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001. What have been the lessons for developing countries in a decade of negotiations over access to medicines? Drawing on themes of rule complexity and regulatory ritualism the paper discusses four key lessons for developing countries. It concludes by arguing that developing countries will do better if they adopt a networked governance approach to negotiation rather than continuing to rely on traditional coalition formation.     

刍议WTO争端解决机制及其运用

WTO贸易争端解决机制是WTO多边贸易协议有效执行以及国际贸易顺利发展的重要保障。本文目的在于探讨争端解决机制的运用及其应对措施对保护我国的经济利益的现实意义。     

国际环境争端解决机制研究

解决和避免国际环境争端已成为近年来备受关注的论题。无论是在1992年联合国环境与发展大会期间还是新近多边环境协定的谈判和实施过程中,国际环境法的遵守问题都引起了各国政府和国际法学者的关注。多边环境条约、联合国海洋法公约以及WTO规则,是国际环境争端解决机制的主要法律渊源。在一定范围内,这些多边条约和条约体系相互影响、相互推动,又相互矛盾和冲突,呈现出国际环境争端解决机制的独特发展形态。     

加入WTO与中国政府对农业的支持

本文主要分析了我国加入WTO对我国农业的有利作用以及给中国带来的压力和冲击。为减轻加入WTO对我国农业造成的不利冲击,政府必须加大对农业基础设施建设、对农业科技投入和对农村区域综合发展的支持。     

The European airline industry: law and economics of low cost carriers

This article offers an analysis of the European airline industry in order to understand the new dynamics of the competitive field. The liberalization process did not lead the entrance of competitors similar to incumbents, but a new organizational model has been developed, the one of low cost carriers. The incumbents’ reaction to the liberalization process coupled with the entrance of low cost companies into the sector are hence considered. Two theories are analysed: the contestable markets theory, to understand the theoretical vision that has influenced the liberalization process, and the core theory, a modern approach to the concept of destructive competition that, according to some authors, is a recurring problem in the sector. While numerous barriers to entry still exist, the paper examines how the organizational model of low cost companies has helped new entrants to overtake these obstacles. By the same token, the application of the core theory does not seem to justify strategic alliances taking place in these years. The competitive framework is definitely clearer if we analyse sector changes in a different way, from the point of view of low cost companies considered as new market actors.     

海外投资的外交保护

海外利益是指境外的国家利益,属于国家利益的组成部分。WTO规则,特别是与贸易有关的投资协定更是国际法规则的一部分。外交保护是指一国针对其国民因另一国国际不法行为而受的损害,以国家的名义为该国国民采取外交行动或其他和平解决手段。对海外投资的外交保护是海外投资保护的最后的也是最有效的途径和方式,可以进一步维护和拓展中国的海外利益。     

中国加入WTO后的公安队伍素质研究

面对加入WTO后的新形势 ,侦查人员必须具备过硬的政治素质、法制观念、纪律作风。工作高效率 ,严格教育训练 ,提高科技含量 ,更新观念 ,与时俱进。强化服务意识、创新能力、文化知识、业务技能 ,建设高素质侦查队伍。     

PREDICTING WHO REOFFENDS: THE NEGLECTED ROLE OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT IN RECIDIVISM STUDIES*

Prior studies of recidivism have focused almost exclusively on individual‐level characteristics of offenders and their offenses to explore the correlates of reoffending. Notably absent from these studies are measures reflecting the neighborhood contexts in which individuals live. The current research addresses this shortcoming. Using data on a sample of ex‐offenders in Multnomah County, Oregon (Portland and surrounding area) in conjunction with 2000 census data, we answer two questions. First, which individual‐level factors influence rates of recidivism? Second, to what extent does neighborhood socioeconomic status account for variation in the reoffending behavior of ex‐prisoners that is not explained by their individual‐level characteristics? We find that those who return to disadvantaged neighborhoods recidivate at a greater rate while those who return to resource rich or affluent communities recidivate at a lesser rate, controlling for individual‐level factors.     

建立与WTO相适应的公共行政管理体制的探索

为了执行WTO的游戏规则 ,我国必须建立与WTO相适应的公共行政管理体制。这个体制能让公民广泛参与公共行政管理、体现今后改革的方向。政府职能应向下转移和向社会转移 ,把政府不该管的事交给社会组织去管 ,通过发展市场组织 ,完善社会公共管理服务体系 ,最终把公共行政管理体制建立起来