The Strasbourg Court and Indirect Race Discrimination: Going Beyond the Education Domain

Prohibiting indirect discrimination has been hailed as guaranteeing substantive equality by addressing issues of structural discrimination and inequalities in a way that direct discrimination cannot and will not. However, Article 14, the ECHR's non‐discrimination provision, does not distinguish between direct and indirect discrimination. Only in 2007 the European Court of Human Rights explicitly included the notion of indirect (race) discrimination under Article 14 in DH and Others v Czech Republic, its famous judgment on Roma education segregation. Since then it has applied the prohibition of indirect race discrimination in a limited manner to similar education cases. However, in its recent Grand Chamber decision, Biao v Denmark, the Strasbourg Court started clarifying some unsolved issues in the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination in its case law and finally applied the concept to the much broader area of immigration and citizenship.     

紧急状态下公民权利的保障——基于公法救济之行政诉讼的视角

时间定格在2008年5月12日,政府紧急权力的行使引起了人们对紧急状态下公民权利保障的深刻反思.传统的紧急状态理论认为,紧急权力的作用旨在保障国家安全、公共福祉;而公民权利在紧急状态时期,往往被作为牺牲的对象.时至今日,在紧急状态下的公民的局部基本权利逐渐得到认可,但大多数基本权利乃至自然权利仍然无法得到与宪政民主精神相一致的保障,这就是公民权利的危机.有权利必有救济,如何保障紧急状态下的公民权利,便成了现代宪政民主国家的普遍困惑.笔者基于公法救济之行政诉讼的视角出发,以期为宪政民主国家寻求一种可塑的解决之道,为公民权利的保障提供一种可能的机制.     

电子交易中消费者知情权保护探讨

随着信息技术的进步,电子交易蓬勃发展,通过网络进行的消费交易日益增多。对于电子交易经营者与消费者之间通过互联网进行的交易而言,消费者保护具有重要的地位,理应就电子交易中较为突出的消费者知情权问题进行探讨,在借鉴国内外的最新成果的基础上,提出有效的规制建议,希望能对我国电子交易中消费者权益保护的立法工作有所裨益。     

公安侦查工作改革的思考

目前,我国公安侦查工作还存在一些需要解决的问题。公安侦查工作改革应该兼顾公正与效率,坚持惩罚犯罪与保障人权并重。在围绕推进侦查法制化和提高侦查能力这一总的目标的基础上,坚持侦查程序、侦查体制与侦查业务改革的统一。     

行政诉讼受案范围与原告资格关系之辨

在我国,行政法学理论与实务对行政诉讼受案范围与原告资格关系的认识存在混淆。就受案范围来说,从行为作出结果出发判断是否“实际影响权利义务”,从而界定行为属性的做法,既是循环论证,也是受案范围容易与原告资格混淆的根本原因。正确的逻辑应当是从构成要件出发判断行为属性,“实际影响权利义务”是一个行为属于行政行为之后的当然结果。就原告资格来说,相对人受到行政行为法律效果侵害,遵从行为不法的逻辑,受案范围满足即意味着原告资格的满足。其他利害关系人受到行政行为事实效果侵害,遵从结果不法的逻辑,原告资格判断需要另行从损害结果出发归责行为违法性。受案范围与原告资格纠缠形成的牵连性阶段体系表明,应当探索在终局行为前阶段构建定分止争制度。     

论重大行政决策不作为责任追究中的权利救济

《重大行政决策程序暂行条例》对重大行政决策采用范畴列举而非内涵界定的立法模式未能解决何为重大行政决策的难题,概念界定的模糊性与责任追究的明确要求凸显重大行政决策不作为法律责任追究中权利救济的必要性。受制于权利救济立法规范的不足,重大行政决策不作为法律责任追究中受损的权利难以依据既有的立法规范获得所需的法律救济,需要完善权利救济立法规范,提供契合法治要求的权利救济立法依据,实现对重大行政决策不作为责任追究中受损权利的法律救济。     

‘Paz,progreso, justicia y honradez’: law and citizenship in Alta Verapaz during the regime of Jorge Ubico⋆

Prospects for the ‘rule of law’ in the present are shaped by historical experiences of law by elite and non‐elite groups in the past. In this article I explore changing conceptions and practices of‘rights’and‘justice’as expressed in the legal and administrative encounters between indigenous people and state officials during the regime of Jorge Ubico (1931–1944). The extension of the state's coercive and administrative apparatus to remote rural areas, new legislation and changes in public administration transformed relations between working people, coffee fmqueros and the state in Guatemala. This implied new obligations and exactions for Mayans, but also provided them with new opportunities to contest and negotiate their conditions. Indigenous people strategically engaged with the law to contest the terms of their domination by elite actors and to mediate conflicts between themselves. As state ideologies of‘moral behaviour’led to increasing regulation of the private sphere, this was particularly important in the case of conflicts over gendered rights and obligations. Although formally excluded from the category of citizens, indigenous people used the official language and discourse of citizenship to further their claims, in turn reshaping Guatemalan nation‐state.     

解读新《刑事诉讼法》对人权的尊重与保障

2012年3月14日通过的新修改的《刑事诉讼法》写入了尊重和保障人权,并在政治制度、强制措施等七个方面体现了尊重和保障人权的原则。个人人权包括生命权,平等权,政治、经济和文化权利。我国的人权发展经历了一个很长的时期,新《刑事诉讼法》写入尊重和保障人权具有重要历史意义:标志着宪法中国家尊重和保障人权的立法精神得到贯彻和落实;理论界和实务界对惩罚犯罪和保障人权达成共识;我国司法机关尊重和保障人权进入实质发展阶段。     

反思与重构:非物质文化遗产资源司法保护的知识产权路径探究

本文试以非物质文化遗产资源的知识产权保护路径为视角,首先从域内外的判例入手展开实证解读,梳理司法实践中权利保护的现实困境;其次以非遗资源与知识产权内在属性的冲突、价值理念的弥合及保护机制的协调为着眼点,追溯非遗资源知识产权司法保护的理论根源;在此基础上从不同层面研究现存问题并提出完善对策,主要着眼于理念层面的价值构建与实践层面的争议思考,主张从价值层面平衡多元利益,呵护原创制度本旨;从理念层面倡导合作共赢,完善原始权利保障;从制度层面强调分类施策,区分智力成果类型;从实践层面注重完善机制,优化司法规则设计。以期对于深化非遗资源保护,优化创新驱动发展战略,并完善法治化营商环境有所裨益。     

The Sri Lankan Transitional Justice Process: Too Little,Too Late?

ABSTRACT

Three years after Sri Lanka committed to a comprehensive transitional justice (TJ) process through the co-sponsoring of UN Human Rights Council Resolution 30/1, progress on the TJ front has not been satisfactory. In fact, delays in decision-making have hindered progress on transitional justice. First, the nation-wide consultations that were supposed to precede the establishment of the proposed TJ mechanisms lasted for nearly a year. This prevented swift progress at a time when political conditions for TJ were arguably most favourable. In addition, decisions were made to implement the 2015 reform agenda in a way that would not give priority to TJ as a whole and would further delay the implementation of its most controversial measures. These delays have been constructed or exploited by those—including within government—who do not support the TJ agenda. In fact, since 2015, the President as well as ministers have made statements that cast doubt on their commitment to TJ. The government’s lack of genuine interest in TJ was further evidenced by its failure to present a comprehensive plan for the implementation of UNHRC Resolution 30/1 and carry out a public outreach campaign based on such a plan.