民事特别权利能力限制性分析——以人格与权利能力的比较为展开

人格之有无是民事主体是否能成为主体的最本质规定性，是一种事实层面之判断。然而，权利能力是在主体享有人格之后能够享有何种权利，承担何种义务的一种能力或资格，是一种价值层面之判断。基于事实判断与价值判断二者的判然有别，将人格和权利能力的分离是有必要价值意义的。而一般民事权利能力是民事主体在法律上能够享有必不可少之权利和承担必不可少之义务之资格；特别民事权利能力是民事主体能够享有某种个别的或特定的权利义务的资格或能力。然此种特别的民事权利能力的要求相当于对主体权利能力的限制性规定，对此种特别民事权利能力的限制，其价值就在于更加充分的对市民社会生活中各方主体利益的维护和尊敬，并亦科学的明晰民事主体权利能力的内涵，为我国将来制定科学的民法典起基石作用。     

我国公民参与的制度环境分析

我国公民参与主要有政治投票和选举、通过各级人大政协参政议政、信访、行政复议和行政诉讼、社会协商对话、大众传媒、基层群众自治、社团代表、公民旁听等九大制度网络.整体上看,公民参与的制度框架相对完整,但程序和技术的匮乏使公民参与的制度需求难以得到满足,战略上的鼓励与现实中的限制使制度环境未能体现出鼓励和能促性特征.基于此,需要重视公民的权利要求和推动参与制度环境变迁的四种途径选择,从程序和技术上完善细节,进而将公民参与的制度环境推进到精细化时代.     

关于推进基层工会直接选举的探讨

怎样使工会维权产生机制上的动力，首先要从基层工会直接选举做起，改变某些基层工会主席实际上由单位负责人决定的现象。由会员（代表）大会直接选举工会主席，充分体现工会组织的群众性，使基层工会主席切实对职工负责，并接受职工的监督。     

MEDICALLY ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART) AND HUMAN RIGHTS — THE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

The present article examines how the progress of science, and in particular, medically assisted human reproductive technologies (ART) have provoked a revolution in the sphere of family relations, generating a series of ethical and legal conflicts. The article focuses on the European perspective, without ignoring the international sphere, given the globalization of the phenomenon. The emerging legal issues are analyzed through the filter of international human rights, not only an important aspect to take into consideration in the context of bioethics in general, but a “passage obligé” given that certain concepts find their explanation and coordinates in international human rights law. It is from this perspective that the relationship between ART and human rights is presented. The applicable international and European legal instruments and principles shall be mentioned, as well as a brief comparison of national legal frameworks in Europe. The emerging bioethical and legal issues are examined in correlation with the response of the European Court of Human Rights through its case law aimed at balancing conflicting rights when faced with issues pertaining to ART. Lastly, the article presents in more detail the particular legal issues under debate in France and Italy, two European countries with specific legislation in the field.     

南非难民保护制度研究——对难民地位、权利和义务的分析

南非难民保护制度建立在南非《宪法》的基本价值基础之上,国家现行难民立法的概念明显向移民法转移。《难民法案》重构先前压制性的难民制度,代之以人权文化为基础的难民法,其颁布标志着国际法和国内法的有意识的融合,是与其宪政体制相符的。本文着眼于当前各种难民法规关于难民权利和自由的细节规定,如《联合国难民地位公约》和非洲统一组织的难民定义,重点讨论难民地位的定性、难民地位的确定和难民的权利与义务问题,并强调对难民法或者权利的任何解释都必须推进开放和民主社会下有关人格尊严、平等和自由的价值观。     

“知识创作物未保护领域”之思维模式的陷阱

自现代知识产权法诞生以来,基于强化和拓展知识产权保护以涵盖各种未保护的知识创作物的理论观念,知识创作物未保护领域的界线就不断遭到突破。但这种理论观念的主要问题在于它们脱离了人类行为的实际模式。任何合理的知识产权法和政策必须注重人类行为的具体模式——即调整人类活动的连接点,因而法律和政策没有必要调整所有知识创作物的利用行为,知识产权只能限制某些人类行为。为了避免可能的缺陷,知识产权法的制定者既应当考虑影响知识产权法制定的实际因素,比如制定过程中经常出现的利益不均衡现象,也应当考虑其应用和实际的效果。     

论人权与基本权利的关系——以德国法和一般法学理论为背景

人权和宪法上的基本权利这两个源自西语的概念,在汉语法学文献中的使用并不统一,这直接或间接影响到宪法引领下的实定法体系内在的系统化和统一性。本文旨在从一般法学理论角度澄清二者之间的区别和关联。本文特别指出,从人权转化为宪法权利要经过四个限缩性过渡——民族国家化、制度化、理性科学化和习俗化。基本权利不仅是人权的制度化,而且它总是包含着以人权为指针,从而最大程度上实现人权的要求。最后,通过运用这一新的分析框架,本文概括性地分析了现行宪法和法律实践中出现的一些问题。     

强硬立法应对暴力袭警问题探析

暴力袭警是当前我国面临的一个重要问题,暴力袭警是指人民警察在依法执行公务的过程中,民众公然向民警侮辱、挑衅、示威、施暴等各种阻碍警察职务的不法行为,暴力袭警频发的因素有:法制因素、公众因素、公安机关内部因素和民警自身因素,笔者认为公安机关应适应社会形势变化,通过借鉴西方警察权益保障机制机会,强硬立法,规范警察维权组织等举措应对袭警。     

第三人侵害债权制度研究

第三人侵害债权制度是对传统民法理论的修正和补充,并对债的相对性等传统学说造成了一定冲击。该制度在英美法系国家以及德国、法国等国的司法实践中多有运用,但关于其适用及其适用要件尚存诸多争议。我国第三人侵害债权案件并不少见,但制度建设仍处于欠缺状态。为提出可供我国司法实践借鉴的立法选择建议,应在介绍第三人侵害债权制度的内涵及各国发展状况的基础上,着重探讨其在侵权法上适用的主要争议。     

Enter the quagmire – the complicated relationship between data protection law and consumer protection law

This article examines the complex relationship between consumer protection law and data protection law, particularly within the EU's online environment, and highlights the problems that stem from this complexity. It suggests that, while there are significant similarities between their respective sources, tools and purposes, there are also arguable differences between consumer protection law and data protection law. One such arguable difference is found in that, while consumer protection law can be seen to merely set a floor in its pursuit of a sufficiently high level of consumer protection, data protection law – due to its clearly articulated dual purposes of (a) protecting individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and (b) providing for the free movement of such data – sets both a floor and a ceiling.Having discussed the relationship between consumer protection law and data protection law in more detail, the argument is made that it seems possible to conclude that the balance struck in the Data Protection Directive, and soon in the General Data Protection Regulation, places limitations on consumer protection law. The implications of this conclusion are then examined briefly in the context of some matters currently coming before the CJEU and the contours of a framework are presented, addressing situations where a data protection-based liability claim is pursued against a third-party non-controller under consumer protection law.