政治信任研究的理论综述

政治信任为我们提供了观察治理实践和国家与社会间关系的洞察力,它日益成为政治学研究中的重要理论话题。论文从政治信任的涵义出发,分别探讨了以政治信任为因变量,现有研究中的三种解释路径,及以政治信任为自变量,其产生的影响与后果,最后评述了当前中国政治信任研究的现状,及西方政治信任理论的可借鉴之处。     

当代西方政府信任危机透析

民众对于政府的支持与信任是任何政权合法性的重要基础,也是任何政体正常运转的重要保障。20世纪末以来,西方民主国家中政府的公信力下降已经演化为一股国际性的趋势,成为各国政府面临的严峻问题。西方人民对政府的不信任是众多因素长期混合和交互作用的结果,包括政治选举、政府本身、利益集团、社会文化以及大众传媒等方面的原因。为了提高公民对政府的信心和满意度,巩固政权的正当性和合法性,西方国家采取了多样的手段,开始了塑造“公民性政府”的历程。我国在社会经济改革加速前进的过程中也伴生了一些严重影响政府信任的现象,在这方面,西方国家政府信任危机的内在症结及其解救的经验措施,对于我们提高政府公信力无疑具有重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

Does public criticism Erode trust in the police? The case of Jari Aarnio in the Finnish news media and its effects on the public’s attitudes towards the police

A significant part of the general public’s observations and image concerning the police comes through the mass media. It has been assumed that one factor affecting the level of trust is the way the media handles the police. This article describes the media uproar that arose in Finland in November 2013 about police misconduct, and its effects on the public trust in the police. Two hypotheses were tested in the study: (a) negative publicity always decreases trust, and so, too, in this case; and (b) a change in trust is affected by the public’s independent interpretation of the publicity battle, in which case criticism might also increase trust. The study materials comprise the news coverage concerning the uproar and four opinion surveys collected after it occurred. The first survey was conducted immediately after the press conference of the case in week 48/2013 and the other ones in three-week intervals. The results show that following the uproar, compared to the earlier results of the European Social Survey, trust in the police did not decrease—on the contrary, it increased slightly. Our results suggest that in this case a large part of the audience has taken, to use the term of Stuart Hall, the oppositional position when interpreting negative news about the police.     

论政治信任的结构

政治信任不同于合法性,合法性是对统治正当性的提问,政治信任包括政治体系的信任和政府信任,也包括公民之间的信任。信任对象的结构性特点决定了政治信任是不断调整的动态过程,局部的政治不信任并不会危及政治合法性。信任是基于对过去可靠性的对未来的合理预期,信任的这种认知特点决定了政治不信任是政治的前提和常态,政治信任要通过否定之否定来建构信任。     

资源有效利用的制度安排－－兼论资源利用中的政府行为

资源利用的获利机会是人们自发倡导、组织和实施制度安排的动因.诱致性的行为选择方式需要强制性制度安排对他进行规范.在社会主义市场经济条件下,强制性制度安排的一个重要方面是重建所有权的排他性,以消除资源利用中的外在性.通过建立将资源作为商品生产和商品交换的制度安排,实现资源的有效利用.     

试论政府公信力与社会主义和谐社会的构建

社会主义和谐社会的提出是对中国特色社会主义理论的进一步丰富和发展,和谐社会建设的主导力量是政府,关键因素是政府公信力。提升政府公信力的措施是多层面的,但最主要的是切实转变观念和大力推进制度创新。     

Law students' trust in the courts and the police

Law students prepare for a legal career and it is therefore of general interest, how much trust they have in the police and the courts. Their views may be influenced by their studies, media consumption, direct experience and other factors. In a previous study it appears as if law students are becoming more critical over the course of their studies. This explorative questionnaire study compares the views of 2012 final year undergraduate law students with the answers the same cohort gave in 2010, when starting their studies, and with final year law students 2010. Contrary to our expectation, the final year law students of 2012 showed more trust in courts and police than their predecessors 2010. The data suggest that the study of law, personal experiences and those of family and friends, as well as media effects are among the factors forming trust in the institutions.