未成年犯罪人非监禁处遇制度

未成年犯罪成为全球严重的社会问题,引起了世界各国的高度重视。未成年犯罪人非刑罚处遇制度作为一种针对少年违法犯罪进行特殊处理的制度,早已在世界上广泛适用。而我国由于诸多因素的影响,未成年犯罪人非刑罚处遇制度还没有形成一个统一的法律体系。在相关法律中增设专章,增加未成年犯的非监禁措施的种类,增设社会服务刑,发挥工读学校和少年法庭的积极作用,以达到有效预防及矫正未成年人犯罪的目的。     

论罪犯心理危险性分类技术——以罪犯个案矫正为视角

对罪犯的分类是作为一种适应罪犯需要的处遇方式和矫正活动。罪犯的心理危险性具有未知性、潜在性和偶发性特点。罪犯的心理危险性干预属于心理矫治的范畴,具有维护监狱的安全和秩序的价值。决定罪犯心理危险性依据主要是对罪犯以往犯罪状况所进行的预测和评估。罪犯心理危险性分类技术主要有调查分类技术和定量评价技术。     

论过度医疗侵权行为及其法律规制

过度医疗一般是指,在医疗过程中,医师对患者的疾病实施不必要的诊疗措施,致使患者的医疗费用明显超过疾病诊疗实际需求的医疗行为或医疗过程。过度医疗认定的关键,在于把握过度医疗行为与适度医疗行为的界限,并且应将其与保护性医疗和防御性医疗加以严格区分。从法律意义上讲,过度医疗是一种发生在医疗过程中的特殊民事侵权行为,是指医疗机构及其医务人员在医疗活动中,以获取一定经济利益为目的,违法实施不必要的诊疗从而造成患者明显人身、财产损害并应承担相应法律责任的行为。过度医疗侵权应适用过错推定责任进行归责。《侵权责任法》立法上将过度医疗的范围,仅局限在"实施不必要的检查",不足以充分保护患者的合法权益,立法上应进一步做出扩充解释。     

Treating alcohol-related violence: a feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial in prisons

Purpose: There is a lack of good-quality outcome evaluations of interventions for offenders whose crimes are alcohol-related. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered gold standard in treatment evaluations. Here, we report on a feasibility study for an RCT of an alcohol-related violence intervention, Control of Violence for Angry, Impulsive Drinkers (COVAID). Method: 115 adult male prisoners were randomly allocated to COVAID plus treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU only. Results: Most participants (84%) found COVAID useful. Reconviction data at six months were accessed for 109 (95%) participants. There were no differences between the two groups on violent reconvictions or all reconvictions at the six-month period, but at 17?months the COVAID group had 13% fewer people reconvicted for violence, and 20% fewer had reconvictions for any offence. Conclusion: The results indicate that an RCT is feasible and provides parameters for designing a full RCT. Differences in reconviction between groups favoured COVAID and were clinically important.     

Effectiveness of modified therapeutic community treatment within a medium-secure service for personality-disordered offenders

There is debate as to whether secure hospital treatment for offenders with personality disorder can be effective relative to criminal justice interventions. This study examines the evidence for long-term treatment of such offenders in hospital within in a modified therapeutic community model including accredited offending behaviour programmes. A panel sample of 47 patients were followed up on measures of violence risk (HCR-20, VRS) and symptom severity (SCL90-R). Intention-to-treat analysis with reliability thresholds showed significant positive change between assessment and discharge in both violence risk (VRS) and symptoms (SCL90-R) indicating a positive treatment effect. Threshold effects for treatment effectiveness seemed to occur at 1?year of treatment for risk and 3?years for symptom reduction.     

Mental health law and the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities

People with a mental illness may be subject to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), depending on definitions of terms such as ‘impairment’, ‘long-term’ and the capaciousness of the word ‘includes’ in the Convention's characterisation of persons with disabilities. Particularly challenging under the CRPD is the scope, if any, for involuntary treatment.     

Involuntary detention and treatment of the mentally ill: China's 2012 Mental Health Law

The long-awaited Mental Health Law of China was passed on 26 October 2012 and took effect on 1 May 2013. Being the first national legislation on mental health, it establishes a basic legal framework to regulate mental health practice and recognizes the fundamental rights of persons with mental disorders. This article focuses on the system of involuntary detention and treatment of the mentally ill under the new law, which is expected to prevent the so-called “Being misidentified as mentally disordered” cases in China. A systematic examination of the new system demonstrates that the Mental Health Law of China implicitly holds two problematic assumptions and does not provide adequate protection of the fundamental rights of the involuntary patients. Administrative enactments and further national legislative efforts are needed to remedy these flaws in the new law.     

反思精神障碍强制医疗的“危险性”原则

很多国家精神卫生立法在强制医疗人院标准方面都适用了“危险性”原则,我国《精神卫生法》也在其列。然而,“危险性”原则是基于三个错误的假设,因此实际上“危险性”原则可能会增加精神疾病对患者的伤害和较大程度增加社区危险的风险。本文呼吁参考Large及Richardson的观点及美国部分州与苏格兰精神卫生立法的实证经验,在“危险性”原则基础上补充“拒绝治疗的能力”评定作为精神障碍者强制医疗入院标准。     

强制医疗程序的实施与反思

＂强制医疗程序＂的＂社会防卫功能＂,不仅受到限制刑事责任能力精神病人和接受过治疗精神病人社会危害性的抑制,还会因＂被精神病＂现象而打折扣。破解此困境需从三方面入手：一是参照《精神卫生法》,将涉嫌犯罪的限制刑事责任能力精神病人,纳入＂非自愿性住院治疗＂范围;二是增加精神病治疗资源投入,强化＂强制医疗＂适用与解除的风险防范意识;三是堵塞《精神卫生法》中＂非自愿性住院治疗＂的漏洞,防止其成为＂被精神病＂新生代的寄生区。     

司法改革“上海方案”中法官职业化的探索

本文希望在司法改革的背景下对法官职业化进展进行分析梳理，指出问题，找到对策。文中以司法改革“上海方案”为分析对象，该改革方案中针对法官职业化的问题提出了相关的具体措施。这些措施值得称赞，但也存在一些诸如人员分类管理制度的可行性，审判权力运行机制科学性，职业化制度保障缺失性，“上海方案”的可复制性等问题。通过对上述问题的思考，加上英美等发达国家的经验，希望对存在的问题有一个较为明确的解答。