法院如何审查土地开发者负担政策——基于美国法的判例梳理

伴随着都市化进程的加速,为了满足日益加重的公共建设任务,美国法中的开发者负担制度,作为将公共建设任务转移至私人开发主体的规制政策模式于20世纪中后期在地方各州层面开始大量出现。各州法院针对开发者负担制度形成了三种不同的形式化审查标准,亦即"合理关系"标准、"特定且唯一原因"标准以及"理性关联"标准,这些司法审查标准之间存在显著差异,形成了司法审查的地方主义特色。联邦最高法院提出的"根本关联"与"大致合比例"的司法审查标准,非但没有就此统一地方层面殊异的审查标准,反而使得开发者负担制度的合法性审查更加复杂化。20世纪90年代各州大规模的影响费立法,吸收了各州法院司法审查的特殊标准,体现了司法过程对规制政策的影响;同时,影响费立法中咨询委员会等程序装置,也鲜明反映了现代规制国家的制度特征。     

“Apartheid in a parka”? Roots and longevity of the Canada–South Africa comparison

Comparisons between Aboriginal policy in Canada and apartheid in South Africa appear frequently in public discourse, often with claims of actual links between the two systems. This paper interrogates these supposed links, using an analysis of land policy and the pass system in each country to demonstrate the improbability of the claims of direct influences. The paper then goes on to analyze the intellectual history of these comparisons, asking why they have been, and continue to be, made by many different actors in the face of a lack of historical evidence. The paper argues that the claims have served the needs of many different groups in different ways and thus maintained a hold despite their lack of historical foundation. However, good policy must be founded on clear analysis of history, and this paper argues that it is important to de-link South Africa and Canada, and understand oppression in each context on its own terms.     

英国欧陆均势政策的原因探析

均势既是国家的一种对外政策和对外行为,又是国际体系的一种运行状态和存在形式。几个世纪以来,英国将均势政策视为一种"金科玉律"或国际政治铁律,有着深刻和复杂的根源。在近现代欧洲国际政治中,面对欧洲大陆一系列统治者屡次掀起的追求霸权的狂潮,作为欧洲大陆外缘海岛国家的英国,基于自身的利益考量,采取均势外交政策,制衡和打击霸权追求者成为英国在此期间经久不息和坚持不懈的政策与行动。     

Responsibility attribution in coalition governments: Evidence from Germany

Models of coalition governance suggest that political parties pursue the interests of their electorate through the ministerial control of policy in their portfolios. Yet, little is known whether voters reward or punish coalition parties for policy performance in their portfolios. This study investigates voters’ evaluations of the policy priorities of coalition parties and their responsibility attribution in twenty policy areas using survey data from Germany. Specifically, we investigate whether voters attribute policy responsibility equally across coalition parties, along the jurisdictional lines of ministerial portfolios, or to the dominant party in the coalition. Our findings suggest that party size, prime minister status, and ministerial portfolios are decisive for responsibility attribution.     

政策科学视野下我国少年司法政策之完善

我国少年司法政策之完善应遵循独立化的发展路径,并运用政策科学的研究方法。独立化路径是展开政策科学方法的基本前提,而政策科学的科学化方法则是对少年司法政策独立发展的回应。少年司法政策的完善应是以少年司法独立化定位为基础,并围绕着少年司法政策的制定、执行及评估等过程的科学化来展开。     

论纯粹经济损失的概念

纯粹经济损失概念的意义在于构建一个过滤可赔偿损害的特别法律范畴。纯粹经济损失概念产生的历史缘由为近代法确定的以有形财产为基础的损害赔偿制度。从法技术的维度看,纯粹经济损失概念的产生是德国侵权法以绝对权为基础确定严格限定的可赔偿损害范围模式的直接结果,非限定性的法国模式没有也不需要这一概念。纯粹经济损失概念在法律政策上有以下重要意义：将受害者与他人利益联系切断,而＂塑造一个利益独立的个人＂;为维护行为人的自由而免除加害人过重的负担;改变投射损失的光源点而大幅度地缩小可请求赔偿的间接损失范围,扩大不可赔偿的纯粹经济损失范围。我国损害赔偿法对纯粹经济损失的立法应采德国模式和法国模式的混合模式。     

Understanding the dynamics of good neighbourliness under Rawlings and Kufuor

It is widely recognised that leadership influences relations between neighbouring states in international affairs. This article seeks to further illuminate the relationship between leadership idiosyncrasies and the nature of Ghana’s neighbour relations under Presidents Rawlings and Kufuor. The argument is that, while political institutionalisation and the international environment may influence neighbour relations to some degree, leader idiosyncrasy is an important intervening variable. Indeed, based on the findings, the international environment may have had less influence on Ghana’s neighbour relations in the period under study (1981–2008) than conventional wisdom suggests.     

中国少数民族经济政策的演变与启示

本文把少数民族经济政策发展演变过程大致分为起步形成、曲折发展、停滞徘徊、恢复发展四个阶段 ,并通过考察少数民族经济政策的演进历程 ,认为新世纪应在少数民族地区实施“以人为本、优先加快社会发展”的新追赶战略 ,重新界定传统发展方向 ,以加快少数民族的现代化发展进程     

FAITH,PUBLIC POLICY,AND THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE*

Recent interest on the part of criminologists in the “faith factor” has made possible a contemporary argument for faith‐based interventions in crime prevention: if faith “works,” then government should support faith‐based initiatives because in doing so, government is not endorsing religion, but science. Drawing on the ideas of Karl Popper, Michael Polanyi, and others, this essay reviews this argument within the framework of the philosophy of social science. The discussion reviews such concepts of falsification, structural causality, objectivity, and evidence‐based policy making to affirm the place of both faith and science in public life.     

刑事政策视野中的安乐死出罪机制

刑事政策视野中的合法化与非犯罪化之间是有界限的 ,非犯罪化包括法律上的非犯罪化与事实上的非犯罪化 ,我国目前尚不具备对安乐死予以法律上的非犯罪化的条件 ,对我国安乐死行为应予以事实上的非犯罪化处理 ,对安乐死进行事实上的非犯罪化的适用条件应严加限制。