从政治竞争看宪法法院在亚洲的不同命运——对韩国、印尼和泰国的比较分析

作为西方国家法治进步的产物,宪法法院在20世纪后期陆续进入亚洲国家,成为民主转型过程中重要的制度设计,但其实际效果却存在差异。韩国宪法法院在功能上呈现"多点开花"的态势,在民主、法治和人权等领域均表现良好。印尼宪法法院成功解决了总统选举过程中的争议,维护了基本的民主规则。相比之下,泰国宪法法院则经历了"高开低走"的蜕变。它在成立初期相对较好地履行了宪法赋予的职责,2006年之后却越来越深入地卷入到政治斗争之中,丧失了独立品格,做出了一系列明显违反法治精神的判决。对此,既有解释存在"西方中心主义"的弊端,而且难以同时解释宪法法院在建立和运行两个阶段的不同情况。作为一种以民主转型国家实践经验为基础的学说,政治竞争理论因其内生性、系统性的视角而具有更强的解释力。以该理论视角观察宪法法院在韩国、印尼和泰国的不同命运,在验证其科学性的同时,可以发现其中隐含的前提条件及其适用范围的有限性。     

自动化行政方式下的行政处罚:挑战与回应

基于行政处罚的负担行政属性,部分自动化是现阶段自动化行政处罚的主流形态。自动化行政方式的高效可能导致处罚密度失衡,需要建立处罚标准动态调整机制予以平衡。在自动化行政时代,需要坚持和发展正当程序原则,以解决在程序与证据方面面临的挑战。自动化行政对于数据的依赖与行政处罚中的数据特殊限制形成了悖论,应当通过将数据纳入公物法规制与扩张个人数据权利等方式,完善数据法治。在责任方面,自动化行政处罚错误时的责任主体仍然是行政主体,归责原则应当采用无过错责任原则。     

Parental Alienation Syndrome in Spain: opposed by the Government but accepted in the Courts

ABSTRACT

For over fifteen years, Spain has seen the promulgation of feminist-inspired legal frameworks to combat male violence against women and, as a result, Spanish law contains a variety of mechanisms that target male violence. However, the parallel dissemination of the pseudo-scientific concept of Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), especially since 2004, has become a tool to stall the enforcement of gender equality legislation. Specifically, PAS is causing severe harm in legal procedures related to marital breakdown. Both the government and the General Council of the Judiciary have taken a stand against the deployment of PAS in the legal system, but the notion of parental alienation is still widely used in family courts. This article analyses the contemporary significance of PAS in Spain. It grounds itself in an examination of key government reports and legal cases, and draws on qualitative survey data from interviews with 20 women who have been either formally accused, or threatened with accusations of parental alienation.     

The Liberal Left Opts for Terror

For a century, intellectual debate on political violence has been dominated by efforts to romanticize the extremist and to invest him with the aura of the altruistic “freedom fighter.” It is astonishing that in the post-9/11 era, the terrorist's image continues to remain habitually mystified and ennobled, while terror attacks are justified as self-defense. “Terrorist discourse” is indicative of the universality of the intellectual position of the Left with regard to terror, national discrepancies notwithstanding. The present article evaluates leftist liberals' attitudes towards terrorism in the 20th-century Russian Empire, Europe, the U.S., and especially Israel—one of the epicenters of terrorism today. The article proposes to examine psychological responses to terrorism in conjunction with a range of contemporary reactions to threats, acknowledged or displaced with an assortment of mental constructs and rationalizations.     

美国《1930年关税法》修改的法律观察

美国近日修改《1930年关税法》授权美国商务部对以中国为代表的所谓"非市场经济国家"征收反补贴税,是对来自中国的进口产品新一轮贸易保护主义的表现。WTO规则并未禁止对"非市场经济国家"反补贴,因此美国此次修法并不违反其在WTO项下的义务,但美国如果对来自中国的产品按照"非市场经济国家"使用替代国方法进行"双反"救济,依据WTO争端解决上诉机构"对来自中国的产品的反补贴和反倾销措施"报告,将很可能违反WTO协定的"适当金额"要求,构成双重救济。中国当前最重要的是积极应对现实的"双反"调查,而长远的目标则是争取美国对中国完全市场经济地位的承认。     

Constructing courts after communism: Reevaluating the effect of electoral uncertainty

A prominent view in political science is that electoral uncertainty leads institutional designers to prefer independent and powerful courts. Yet few scholars have examined the design of constitutional courts systematically across Eastern Europe and those who have employed the results of elections held after constitutions were adopted to estimate the actors' perceptions of the balance of power prior to the court's design. This work reevaluates the effects of electoral uncertainty in post-communist Europe using more appropriate data and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to outline the different causal configurations linking electoral uncertainty to the initial judicial empowerment.     

适用刑法第89条第一款需慎重——从一则刑事指导案例说开去

我国刑法第89条第一款关于“犯罪行为有连续或者继续状态的,从犯罪行为终了之日起计算”这一立法规定,必须结合刑法总则第3条和第12条的规定予以理解和适用.对于跨刑法修正案的行为如果在刑法修正案施行前不认为是犯罪行为的,不应适用该立法规定.刑事指导案例中周某在《刑法修正案(七)》施行前实施的非法获取他人电话通话清单的行为不...     

过失危险行为犯罪化必然性研究——从《刑法修正案(七)》第十一条谈起

<刑法修正案(七)>第11务的规定再次把过失危险犯这一极富争议的问题推向前沿.探讨过失危险行为犯罪化,在理论上首先必须厘清两个问题:与刑法谦抑主义的关系及与刑罚目的的有效实现的关系.我国当前过失犯罪面临的严峻形势、过失危险行为自身所具有的社会危害性及现行刑事立法对过失危险行为惩处的缺失分别从应然和实然的层面决定了过失危险行为犯罪化的必然性.     

宽严相济刑事政策与我国的死刑制度——以《刑法修正案（八）》为视角

《刑法修正案（八）》是在建设和谐社会的大背景下切实贯彻宽严相济刑事政策所取得的一个重大成果。我国减少部分死刑罪名不会对社会治安带来负面影响。削减死刑罪名及对老年人犯罪从宽和免死的制度设计体现了我国保留死刑、限制死刑适用的政策。     

南京市社区矫正“鼓楼做法”介评

南京市鼓楼区是江苏省社区矫正示范区创建单位,在社区矫正试点工作中形成了诸多有特色的做法,值得其他地区借鉴。鼓楼区的实践也启示我们对社区矫正组织管理机构改革、审前评估、各类矫正主体之间的关系和公安机关介入社区矫正的角色定位等诸多问题进行思考。针对其中的问题,应当从社区建设、非政府组织培育和推进个性化矫正方面入手,逐步完善社区矫正工作体系。