累犯的前提条件：犯罪还是刑罚？——对《刑法修正案（八）》第6条的解读

《刑法修正案（八）》第6条的用语特征能引发我们反思通说对累犯前提的界定。通过语义分析,《刑法》第65条的＂但书＂仅对后罪起限制作用。从实质层面分析,主观恶性、人身危险性都不是累犯的本质特征,累犯的本质在于行为人的自由刑钝感。因此,累犯前提条件的重心是受刑的经历,累犯并不关心前罪的罪责类型与主体年龄。作为过失犯罪或未成年人犯罪结果的刑罚执行,也可以作为累犯的前提。     

论我国社区矫正制度的确立——以《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》为观照

社区矫正代表着当今行刑制度的发展趋势。刑法修正案（八）实行社区矫正的规定,为司法行政机关开展社区矫正工作提供了法律依据,为改革完善我国刑罚执行制度奠定了重要基础,标志着我国社区矫正法律制度的确立。     

累犯制度修正内容之解读

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》中增加了未成年人犯罪不成立一般累犯的规定,并扩大了特别累犯的范围,司法实践中应对本次修正中的＂不满十八周岁的人犯罪的除外＂、＂恐怖活动犯罪＂、＂黑社会性质的组织犯罪＂等内容作正确理解和适用,使累犯制度的作用得以真正实现。     

论社区矫正制度与我国刑法的进一步完善

《刑法修正案（八）》在法律上正式确立了社区矫正制度。但是,《刑法修正案（八）》中关于社区矫正制度的规定仍存在诸多缺憾。随着社区矫正工作的深入发展与推进,作为司法体制和工作机制改革的重要内容,对我国刑法加以进一步完善已成为必然的选择。对于《刑法修正案（八）》中确立的社区矫正制度有必要从立法上作进一步的完善：一是应当在刑法中明确社区矫正的执行主体为司法行政机关;二是应当在刑法中明确社区矫正的适用范围为目前试行中的＂五种人＂,即被判处管制、被宣告缓刑、被暂予监外执行、被裁定假释以及被剥夺政治权利并在社会上服刑的五种罪犯;三是应当在刑法中确立社区矫正前的社会调查制度,明确调查评估主体和社会调查报告的内容及在刑事司法中的作用。     

An Analysis of Miranda Warnings and Waivers: Comprehension and Coverage

Miranda warnings enshrine the constitutional rights of custodial suspects against self-incrimination. However, the wording and sentence complexity of Miranda warnings and waivers vary dramatically from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This study is the first extensive investigation of Miranda warning variations examining 560 Miranda warnings from across the United States. With Flesch-Kincaid reading comprehension as a useful metric, Miranda warnings varied from very simple comprehension (i.e., grade 2.8) to requiring postgraduate education. Miranda warnings are composed of five components (e.g., silence and evidence against you); marked variations were also observed in the comprehensibility of individual components. On average, the Miranda warning component on "continuing rights" requires a reading comprehension level six grades higher than the comparatively simple expression of the right to silence. Similar analyses were conducted on Miranda waivers. The content of these warnings differed on such issues as communicating (a) when access to an attorney would be granted (e.g., 45.9% specified only "during questioning") and (b) explicitly that indigent legal services were free (e.g., 31.8% directly informed suspects). Finally, the study identified representative Miranda components at different levels of reading comprehension as a template for further research.     

借鉴与移植:大陆法系宪政文化对近代中国的影响

清末民初,在中国宪政文化及其制度建设上,借鉴与移植外国宪政文化成为了一股潮流。清末立宪在宪政出洋考察与模式选择上照搬了日本立宪的经验,而德国的宪政思想和宪政制度主要是通过日本对普鲁士宪政的模仿而被移植到中国来的。这是"远法德国、近采日本"的立宪策略的具体化。法国宪政文化在中国移植的命运跌宕起伏:由清政府极力抗拒到民国新政权的致力效仿。民初若干宪政制度的设计是直接移植法国宪政文化的结果。     

现代法治与民主宪政的金融解释

金融发展对一国的现代法治与民主宪政有着深远的促进作用。金融格局与工商文明构建了现代民主、法治的基石,内生化了市场对法律制度、民主宪政制度供给的需求。欧洲式的现代民主法治的建构与金融市场的发展有着极为密切的联系。正是由于有着与金融财富增长相匹配的金融民主模式,欧美国家的民主宪政得以确立。文章以金融秩序与工商文明的发展为主线,从金融视角,解读中国社会工商文明的系统累积与法律制度供给,金融工商文明的话语体系与思维方式,政府公权力与民间私权利的互动,对深刻理解与构建中国社会的现代法治与民主宪政,具有重要意义。     

服务型政府建设中必须高度重视法律问题

在依法治国成为国家治理基本方略背景下所建设的服务型政府,必然是法治政府,服务型政府与法律问题密不可分,如影随形,服务型政府建设中必须高度重视法律问题,加大法治建设力度。     

Digital justice

In a period of growing suspicion about the power of digital technology and ‘tech companies’, this short comment aspires to argue that the conditions for the functioning of the constitutional state contain an inherent obligation for the state not only to be sufficiently sensitive to the changes brought about by digitisation, but also to make use of digitisation. A key condition for the functioning of the constitutional state is e.g. that the judiciary is capable of fully implementing its task of affording legal protection. Reinterpreting this condition in the modern age implies that courts should remain explicitly vigilant when it comes to digitisation. Hence, affording protection is not only a question of what makes formal regulation in a digital world different from regulation in the well-known offline world. If the constitutional state is to be ‘capable’ of implementing its task of affording legal protection, it must also be sufficiently sensitive to the changes brought about by digitisation, as well as deploy the potential that digitisation offers.     

专利药品差别定价制理念与适用

《TRIPs协议修正案》的出台有一定的历史背景。它的诞生也会对差别定价制产生显著的进一步影响。该《修正案》的出台促使了全球差别定价制的发展。差别定价制中的发达国家完全补偿类型、发展中国家支付专利使用费补偿类型和最不发达国家零补偿类型也会受到该《修正案》的影响。这些影响的构成有一定的政治、经济和法律原因。