身体认知的结构和功能分析

长期以来,许多人都无视身体的认知功能和价值,只把认知归功于大脑,对认知能力的探索、研究、测试、训练和保养也是聚焦于大脑的结构和机制;没有认识到我、自我或主体等能指、主词或概念所指谓的就是我的身体。其实,正是人的整体性身体结构、以及由此形成的身体场、知觉场、实践场、身体的意向性、认知冲动、尝试性的探索行为、身体的感知能力、认知的超越功能、概念化和范畴化作用、发明创造活动、以及诸如此类的身体智能、身体思维等要素和属性,一起构成认知和才智的源泉。因此身体才是人类从事社会实践、获得知识、成就事业、创造历史、完善人性的根本。人们只有把人的本质性存在身体放在一切认知和社会实践的最高位置,才更加有利于推动人的智力和自身的全面发展。     

中国共产党对党的代表大会常任制的认识轨迹和启示

党的代表大会常任制是加强和推进党内民主制度建设的一项重要内容,从“八大”对这一问题的提出至今,历史已走过了48年,对于这48年间我党对代表大会常任制认识的发展轨迹学术界少有研究,本文试图对此问题做一尝试性研究。这48年间党对此问题的认识经历了四个发展阶段。第一个阶段,八大到八大二次会议是党的代表大会常任制的提出和初步探索阶段。第二个阶段,八大二次会议到十二大,是探索中断阶段。第三个阶段,十二大到十六大是在顾虑重重中局部试点阶段。第四个阶段,十六大至今是开始新一轮探索阶段。从这一认识发展轨迹中得出的启示是:加强党内民主制度建设是党内民主政治发展以及提高党的领导能力和执政能力的必然要求;要把实体民主与程序民主相结合,并科学进行党内权力分制;要以与时俱进与科学务实的态度推进党内民主制度的创新。     

司法鉴定机构质量管理规范探讨

本文根据国际质量管理和质量控制的一般原理,融合司法鉴定的法律法规和行业特性,全面分析控制司法鉴定质量的技术和管理要素,以组织管理、资源保障、过程控制、持续改进为主题,提出司法鉴定机构质量管理规范的基本框架和内容。     

自我文学的全面拓展——初期创造社同人的文学创作新探

初期创造社同人的文学创作贡献给现代文坛的是自我文学的全面拓展。郭沫若融会一切的大我焕发着无穷的浪漫精神,他诗歌创作中的泛神论在本质上是自我思维的体现。郁达夫执著于自我欲望的书写,而张资平则将肉体之我赤裸裸地呈现在读者面前。从精神之我到肉体之我,初期创造社三位同人的文学创作恰好构成了一个较为完整的序列,为现代自我主体的确立奠定了基础。     

Romantic Relationships and Body Satisfaction Among Young Women

In the present study we examined associations between young women's romantic relationships and their body image. Ninety-five heterosexual couples (women's mean age=22.46 and men's mean age=24.38) participated in this study. We examined young women's satisfaction with their own bodies, their perceptions of their significant others’ satisfaction with their bodies, and their significant others’ actual satisfaction with their bodies using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale women's weight status was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Relationship constructs examined included relationship quality and the length of couples’ romantic relationships. Results indicated that females were more dissatisfied with their bodies than they perceived their significant others to be and were more dissatisfied than their significant others actually were. Analyses further indicated that the longer women had been in a relationship with their significant other, the more likely they were to incorrectly believe that their significant other wanted them to look thinner.Assistant Professor at Rutgers University. She received her PhD in psychology from the University of California at Riverside in 2002. Her research focuses on the development of body image and dieting behaviors and on understanding relations between personality and health.Assistant Professor at Villanova University. He received his PhD in psychology from the University of California at Riverside in 2002. His research focuses primarily on interpersonal theory.     

A Prospective Study of Extreme Weight Change Behaviors Among Adolescent Boys and Girls

This study examined changes in extreme weight change attitudes and behaviors (exercise dependence, food supplements, drive for thinness, bulimia) among adolescent boys and girls over a 16 month period. It also investigated the impact of body mass index, puberty, body image, depression and positive affect on these attitudes and behaviors 16 months later. The participants were 847 young adolescents (411 boys, 436 girls). Participants completed questionnaires evaluating the above variables on three occasions, eight months apart. Girls obtained higher scores on exercise dependence, drive for thinness and bulimia. Changes in depression and body image importance were the strongest predictors of changes in these extreme attitudes and behaviors among boys; changes in depression, body dissatisfaction and body image importance were the strongest predictors for girls. The need for gender specific educational and intervention programs for adolescents are discussed.Marita McCabe PhD, Professor in Psychology in the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. She has completed her PhD in 1981 on adolescent development, and has been completing research on various aspects of adolescent adjustment for 30 years. To whom correspondence should be addressed at 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia;Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne Australia. She completed her PhD in 1990 on Childrens Language Development. In the last 10 years she has been researching body image concerns in adolescents and children     

Mapping Utopias: A Voyage to Placelessness

I have a map which indicates clearly and beyond any doubt the way to Utopia. I start the journey with a survival kit of paradigmatic egalities, noumenal legalities, and nervous ideals. However, the more I move into the uncartographied space, the more I realise that my survival kit is changing, to the point of becoming porous and permeable. The journey to Utopia is condensed to a log of phenomenological bracketing, where the immersion to the Lebenswelt equals the loss of oneself, and where the descent from the Transcendental to the Natural proves to be as meaningful as the escalating bracketing from the Natural to the Transcendental. The negation of Utopia (ou-topos) displaces not only my Utopia but also my egocentric quest for identity: the ‘I’ becomes ‘me’ before it vanishes, space becomes place, intentionality turns back to itself and retraces its path. The more I approach my destination, the more negation devours distance. When I finally arrive to the designated point, where, according to the map, lies Utopia, the only thing I discover is a map, identical to the one I hold, that indicates, clearly and beyond any doubt, the way to Utopia. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Age-related factors in the relationship between foot measurements and living stature and body weight

The measurements of feet and footprints are especially important in forensic identification, as they have been used to predict the body height and weight of victims or suspects. It can be observed that the subjects of forensic-oriented studies are generally young adults. That is to say, researchers rarely take into consideration the body's proportional changes with age. Hence, the aim of this study is to generate equations which take age and sex into consideration, when stature and body weight are estimated from foot and footprints dimensions. With this aim in mind, we measured the stature, body weight, foot length and breadth, heel breadth, footprint length and breadth, and footprint heel breadth of 516 volunteers (253 males and 263 females) aged between 17.6 and 82.9 years using standard measurement techniques. The sample population was divided randomly into two groups. Group 1, the study group, consisted of 80% of the sample (n = 406); the remaining 20% were assigned to the cross-validation group or Group 2 (n = 110). In the first stage of the study, we produced equations for estimating stature and weight using a stepwise regression technique. Then, their reliability was tested on Group 2 members. Statistical analyses showed that the ratios of foot dimensions to stature and body weight change considerably with age and sex. Consequently, the regression equations which include these variables yielded more reliable results. Our results indicated that age and sex should be taken into consideration when predicting human body height and weight for forensic purposes.     

穆时英小说的躯体修辞学

作家依据躯体修辞学建构的人物躯体形象,背后是特定的意义系统。穆时英小说前后期躯体形象具有不同特征:前期躯体形象体现的是传统历史叙事;后期躯体形象一方面展示出感官的放纵,另一方面呈现为精神的逃离。这种两难处境与西方现代人本主义哲学有很深关联,显示出作家文化选择上无法摆脱的精神困境。     

试论WTO争端解决机构的法律解释权

根据WTO的规定,部长会议和总理事会拥有对WTO协定和多边贸易协议进行解释的专有权力;而专家组与上诉机构也可以在解决具体争端过程对WTO涵盖协议进行解释。作为争端解决报告的一部分,专家组与上诉机构的法律解释对争端当事方具有约束力。但由于WTO不存在严格的"遵循先例"原则,因此争端解决机构在特定案件中作出的法律解释在法律上也不具有先例效力;然而却具有事实上的先例效果。由于争端解决报告在事实上的先例效力,引发了关于争端解决机构"造法"的问题,有必要采取措施防止争端解决机构超越权限进行法律解释。