对中韩政府公共决策模式的制度分析

中韩两国政府公共决策模式的最大区别,源自于各自对制度理论学派当中＂人为设计制度观＂与＂自发生成制度观＂的偏执。作为选择政府主导型发展模式的后发展国家,中韩两国如要提高政府公共决策的公共性与实效性相互结合的程度和密度,需要摒弃对制度观的偏执,并在彼此借鉴的基础上,在博弈均衡制度观的统领下,进一步在制度安排的层面上完善对政府公共决策主体的监督机制。     

The blurred vision of Lady Justice for minors with mental disorders: Records of the juvenile court in Belgium

Purpose

This study examined (1) the information present in juvenile court records in Belgium (Flanders) and (2) whether there are differences in information between records that mention a mental disorder and those that do not.

Method

The file study sample included 107 court records, and we used a Pearson's chi-square test and a t-test to analyze the information within those records.

Results

Information in juvenile court records varied considerably. This variability was evident when we compared juvenile court records with and without mention of a mental disorder. Significantly more information about school-related problems, the functioning of the minor, and the occurrence of domestic violence was included in records that mentioned a mental disorder compared with records that did not.

Conclusion

The content of the juvenile court records varied, particularly with regard to the mental health status of the minor in question. We suggest guidelines to standardize the information contained in juvenile court records.     

欧盟共同外贸政策的制度分析--权限、机制与有效性

从制度主义的研究视角出发,通过分析欧盟共同外贸政策形成过程中所涉及的三个变量——权限分配、权力结构和决策程序,来透视影响共同外贸政策制定的制度性因素。成员国与欧共体委员会之间就共同外贸政策的权限之争在历次条约改革中得到明显体现,欧盟共同外贸政策始终存在共同体权限缺失的不足,即使是在欧盟宪法条约中也没有授予共同体在外贸政策上完全独享权限。欧盟委员会仅仅是共同外贸政策的执行者和代理人,它对部长理事会及其下属机构特别是“133委员会”存在严重依赖,并受到欧洲议会和欧洲法院的牵制。部长理事会内大量使用全体一致通过的表决原则,影响着共同外贸政策的制定与执行;即便是特定多数表决方式下,由于“卢森堡妥协案”的深远历史影响,成员国往往也寻求一致通过决议。这些因素均对欧盟共同外贸政策的连贯性和有效性产生掣肘。     

我国合议制裁判的缺陷及其完善——基于决策理论的分析

合议制裁判是多个人在法律规范的框架内进行判断与决策的行为,遵循群体决策行为的基本规律。群体决策的绩效受决策目标、群体规模、群体意识、决策能力、决策时间、交互方式、集结规则、外部环境等多种因素的影响,以此标准逐一衡量,我国合议制裁判在诸多方面存在缺陷,需要基于群体决策理论的相关结论,有针对性地进行改革与完善。     

The Impact of Eyewitness Expert Evidence and Judicial Instruction on Juror Ability to Evaluate Eyewitness Testimony

It has been argued that psychologists should provide expert evidence to help jurors discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitness identifications. In this article we compare the effects of judicial instruction with expert evidence that is either congruent or incongruent with the ground truth, focusing on juror ability to evaluate “real” eyewitness evidence. In contrast to studies which have employed “fictional” eyewitness designs, we found no appreciable effect of either congruent or incongruent expert evidence on participant-juror sensitivity to eyewitness accuracy. We discuss the role of methodology on the inferences and conclusions that can be made regarding the impact of eyewitness expert evidence.     

Autonomy,Dependence or Culture: Examining the Impact of Resources and Socio-cultural Processes on Attitudes Towards Intimate Partner Violence in Ghana,Africa

Despite the high levels of domestic violence (intimate partner violence) against African women, tests of competing theories on why the practice is common in the region are quite limited. This study evaluates the effects of resources and cultural factors on attitudes Africans hold about the acceptability of gendered violence, and specifically wife beating (battering). Answers to these questions are relevant to the discourse on intimate partner violence, at least, as pertains to male-dominated societies such as those found in Africa. Drawing on national data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, we explore these linkages in an African context. Our findings suggest that egalitarian decision-making and equal household contributions are associated with a reduced acceptance of abusive actions toward women. We suggest that new questions must be asked concerning the present and future role of men and women within households and the community. We share equally in the conceptualization, data analysis, and writing of the paper. We thank Drs. Nancy B. Miller and Cheryl Elman for their helpful comments on this article.     

公众参与科技决策的过程组织与方法效能

长久以来,科技决策一直是个专家统治的领域,不具备专门知识的公众,被认为无法了解科学的技术复杂性而被排除在政策参与过程之外。然而随着大科学时代的到来,科学技术发展所带来的效应直接进入社会生活领域“,科技民主”的理念打破了“专家”与“普通大众”之间的界限,认为,专家的意见只是社会总体决策的参考,公众应当具有参与科技决策的权力;公众参与技术评价方法被认为是针对现代社会中不确定、不平等问题的一种新的互动式解决途径;公众参与技术评价与决策在很多国家已经成为一种趋势;公众参与式技术评价被看作是在对现代技术风险管理过程中重新构建信任的一种方式。对公众参与科技决策的特征、方法与过程进行了研究。     

Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime

Criminological research on self-control focuses mainly on self-control failure. Such research has not, however, investigated the consequences of exercising self-control for the individual doing so. The present study investigates this issue within the framework of both criminological self-control theory and research on self-control depletion from social psychology, which depicts self-control as akin to a “muscle” that is “depletable” by prior use [Muraven and Baumeister (2000) Psycholog Bull 126:247–259]. Results are presented from a laboratory experiment in which students have the opportunity to cheat. Both “trait self-control,” as measured by the Grasmick et al. [(1993) J Res Crime Delinq 30:5–29] self-control inventory, and “self-control depletion” independently predicted cheating. The implications of these findings are explored for criminological perspectives on self-control and offender decision-making.

浅析行政决策理论中的几项悖论

决策理论经历了一个漫长的发展过程.就行政决策理论而言,从理论基点、研究方法到行政决策主体、行政决策过程等方面都存有一些悖论.这些悖论对行政决策主体、决策环境、决策过程都会产生不同的影响,必须加以深入研究.解决这些悖论的途径可以从以下几方面入手考虑行政决策的复杂性,应选择"满意"的行政决策标准;决策过程中必须结合使用渐进性策略和根本性策略;行政决策的目标与手段应适度分离;建立规范的偏好转换机制与利益互动机制;加快行政决策的民主化、制度化、法制化进程.     

从政务信息谈国家思想库建设：一个案例分析

国家思想库在政治运行过程中起着十分重要的作用,是政府决策不可或缺的有力助手。他们不仅要保持研究工作的独立性与客观性,而且要和政府部门保持密切的联系。在我国,向国家决策层报送政务信息在一定程度上能够反映思想库作用发挥的程度。以中国科学院向国家决策层报送政务信息为案例,运用统计分析的方法分析国家决策层的信息需求,讨论政务信息与国家思想库的关系与作用,对中国科学院更好地发挥国家科学思想库的作用提出政策建议。