From Merkel to Kramp‐Karrenbauer: Can German Christian Democracy Reinvent Itself?

Germany's Christian Democrats have started preparing for the time after Angela Merkel. After ten years as German chancellor facing a weak opposition, Merkel unexpectedly split the country in late 2015 and early 2016 because of her ‘open border’ policies that allowed more than 1 million refugees and migrants to rapidly enter Germany. Her management of the subsequent crisis was largely considered a failure and her party suffered a series of dramatic election defeats. Reacting to the negative electoral feedback, and in particular the breakthrough of the rightist and anti‐immigration Alternative for Germany (AfD), the Christian Democratic Union organised an intra‐party contest to replace Merkel as party leader. Three candidates with different political profiles, Annegret Kramp‐Karrenbauer, Friedrich Merz and Jens Spahn, contested the election. By voting for Kramp‐Karrenbauer, the CDU membership voiced support for maintaining a large‐scale political coalition based on efforts to find compromises between different party wings and social and cultural interests.     

违约金调减的证明责任问题

在对《民法典》第585条第2款后段的解读中,应将"违约金过分高于损失"理解为违约金调减请求的权利成立要件,将法官自由裁量权的行使理解为权利成立的法律后果。这一区分对应了违约金的双重功能,可为违约金调减请求提供更清晰的审理思路。成立要件的审理对应违约金的补偿性功能,适用诉讼法理;调减衡量因素的审理对应违约金的履约压力功能,部分适用非讼法理。根据现行法,"违约金过分高于损失"的证明责任应由违约方承担,且不能转移。违约方的证明困难属于法官自由心证的范畴,在具体诉讼中可以通过事案解明义务缓解,但不改变证明责任、证明标准以及由此决定的本证与反证的区分。违约金调减衡量因素的调查不存在证明责任问题,应围绕法官自由裁量权的行使,在诉讼法理与非讼法理的交错适用中展开。     

论新民主主义革命时期中国共产党的宣传机制

在新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党的国家战略和原子化的社会结构，共同塑造了政党——军队型宣传机制。与其他类型的宣传机制相比，政党——军队型宣传机制在信息输入、信息转化和信息输出上都具有非常独特的特点，具体体现为信息输入上的“集权与分权并存”，信息转化上的“受众本位”，以及信息输出上的“弥散式”格局。政党——军队型宣传机制，为建立中国共产党对新民主主义革命的合法领导奠定了基础。     

新民主主义革命时期根据地监所制度的建立与发展简介

我国新民主主义革命时期根据地监所的建立和发展 ,是指从 1 92 7年 4月至1 94 9年 1 0月新中国成立 2 0多年来革命根据地人民民主政权看守所和监狱的建立与发展。这一时期监所制度的发展可分为以下三个阶段 :一、第二次国内革命战争时期为开创阶段 ,创建了革命政权的监所 ,提出了用共产主义思想和生产劳动对犯人进行教育、感化和改造的狱政思想 ,确立了革命根据地新型监所制度建设的方向。二、抗日战争时期为建设阶段 ,在不断总结监所工作实践经验的基础上 ,逐步形成了新民主主义的狱政思想和狱政方针以及革命监所体系。三、解放战争时期是发展阶段 ,在继承和发扬抗日根据地狱政建设经验的基础上 ,有了两次大的发展 ,使民主政权监所制度的建设向着系统化、正规化方向迈进。     

The Chilean presidential elections of 1999–2000 and democratic consolidation

This article examines the campaign and the outcome of the presidential elections held in 1999–2000 in Chile. It argues that the election marks a crucial phase in the consolidation of democracy in Chile. It can be seen as the first “normal” election since the return to democracy in 1990. It was unusually competitive and the result was in doubt until the second round vote. The election was notable for its emphasis on the future. Issues of the past were largely ignored ‐ as was the position of General Pinochet in London. The campaign of the Right was based upon an above‐party appeal while that of the ruling coalition relied on the traditional weight of parties in Chile. The result can be seen as an endorsement of the policies of the Concertacion government, but it also represented a resurgence of the Right. The victorious candidate, Ricardo Lagos, has stressed his commitment to social justice and to equity ‐ but he faces the problem of a governing coalition with internal differences still to be resolved, and a Right better placed to be a formidable opposition.     

民主选举与社会分裂——东亚民主转型国家与地区的政治与政局

东亚民主转型国家和地区发生的社会分裂与其实行的民主制度之间存在较强的关联性。在经济发展不平衡、贫富差距大、民族国家意识淡泊及选举文化有欠成熟的情况下,参与选举的政治势力和社会群体倾向于将投票及相关活动视为扩大自身利益和削弱对方力量的机会,导致不同政治势力和社会群体之间的对立和冲突超出可控范围。     

民主党派历史转变的历史考察

解放战争时期是各民主党派空前活跃并且发生历史转变的时期。当面对国民党残酷地发动内战时，各民主党派积极地加入到反对国民党的队伍中，但是还没有完全放弃走中间路线的想法。当民主党派和民主人士被国民党的白色恐怖包围时，各民主党派的立场发生了历史转变。他们接受中国共产党的领导，同中国共产党一起面对内战独裁、争取民主和平。并且帮助中国共产党一起建立新中国。     

坚持和发展邓小平关于新时期统一战线性质的科学论断

邓小平同志站在时代的高度 ,根据我国社会阶级状况和我国统一战线内部的深刻变化 ,对统一战线的性质作出了新的界定。但是 ,随着新时期统一战线 2 0多年的发展 ,统一战线的内涵和性质 ,又出现了新的变化 ,这就为进一步坚持和发展邓小平新时期统一战线理论提供了新的、相当丰富的材料。     

Parliamentary and presidential elections in Mongolia, 2012 and 2013

The 2012 Mongolian parliamentary election was historical as a new mixed-member majoritarian system was implemented. Compared with 2008, or even 2004, the 2012 election outcome indicates an at least tentative disruption of the bipolarisation of electoral politics in Mongolia. However, unlike in the past when the fragmentation of the party system was caused by the parties of the so-called “democratic camp”, the latest split occurred within the so-called “post-communist camp”. The presidential election took place on 26 June 2013. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj of the Democratic Party was elected president and for the first time since the democratic transition of 1990, most executive and legislative powers shifted to the Democratic Party.     

关于加强违宪审查机制的理论思考

中国社会的现实发展和一些重大案件引起了中国体制内司法专家有关违宪审查的请求 ,这是法治进程中的一个转折点。考察现代司法审查制度的理论依据与发展经验 ,包括美国违宪审查制度的发展 ,可为我们提供重要的借鉴。中国违宪审查制度有必要坚定不移地推进制度化、程序化和司法化 ,这是维护宪法权威的必由之路。