行政主导下的简约治理——省级人大预算监督权悬空的政治逻辑

审核政府预算是现代议会的核心权力,然而,中国省级人大作为监督政府“钱袋子”的核心政治机构,其功能尚未得以充分发挥,法律赋予人大的预算监督权存在突出的虚置现象.深入研究省级政府运行过程可以发现,包括省级人大的预算监督权空泛化在内的很多政治现象都和“行政主导下的简约治理”这一政府管理模式密切相关.当前,应针对存在问题,从扩大公民参与;提升人大预算监督能力;修订公共预算的法律框架等三个层面入手,落实省级人大的预算监督权.     

康德的法权哲学基础

康德的法权哲学思路是和他的三个《批判》所述一致的,“科学知识”要发现“自然(关系)”中的“必然性”,而“法权学”则是要在“人”的“关系”中发现“必然性”,也就是关于“法权”的“先天综合”何以可能的问题.“法权”问题又和《实践理性批判》里所论述的“自由”密切相关.“自由”的“限制”“关系”就《实践理性批判》所涉及的“道德”来说,“根据”在于一个“形式”的“应该”,而就现实的“国家-法律”来说,则是“自由者”之间的“法权”关系.“法权”“本体的所有”既“悬搁”又“范导”“现象的所有”.“自由者”在“人格-格位”“平等”基础上“限制”着各自的自由,由此而形成的“共同体”乃是“自由的共在”.     

The ‘Right to be Forgotten’ – Worth remembering?

In the last few years there has been a lot of buzz around a so-called ‘right to be forgotten’. Especially in Europe, this catchphrase is heavily debated in the media, in court and by regulators. Since a clear definition has not emerged (yet), the following article will try to raise the veil on this vague concept. The first part will weigh the right’s pros and cons against each other. It will appear that the ‘right to be forgotten’ clearly has merit, but needs better definition to avoid any negative consequences. As such, the right is nothing more than a way to give (back) individuals control over their personal data and make the consent regime more effective. The second part will then evaluate the potential implementation of the right. Measures are required at the normative, economical, technical, as well as legislative level. The article concludes by proposing a ‘right to be forgotten’ that is limited to data processing situations where the individual has given his or her consent. Combined with a public interest exception, this should (partially) restore the power balance and allow individuals a more effective control over their personal data.     

论船舶优先权与海事赔偿责任限制的冲突和协调

船舶优先权与海事赔偿责任限制之间发生冲突,既有历史原因又有现实原因。船舶优先权和海事赔偿责任限制发生冲突的领域是船舶优先权优先保障实现的限制性海事债权。《海商法》规定海事赔偿责任限制优先于船舶优先权实施以协调两者之间的冲突,其理论根据在于:船舶优先权系担保物权,而海事赔偿责任限制是确定海事债权数额的一种制度,担保物权只有在确定债权数额后才能实现。     

从社会管理创新角度看城市管理领域相对集中行政处罚权制度的完善和发展

当前,工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化进程不断加快,经济社会结构、利益格局、思想观念深刻变革,我国社会管理理念、体制机制和方式等也随之创新。作为社会管理的重要组成部分,城市管理领域相对集中行政处罚权制度及其实践,在我国已有15年的历程,取得了一定社会成效,也存在诸如执法理念滞后、执法体制机制不顺、执法不规范等需要加以改进的问题。破解这些难题,需要顺应经济社会发展的新形势,从社会管理创新的整体角度对其进行系统反思。     

公益保护、行政处罚与行政公益诉讼——杭州市药监局江干分局“撮合私了”案引发的思考

药监局"撮合私了"行为的实质是放弃处罚权的不作为违法。销售假药之违法行为严重损害了社会公众的用药安全,同时破坏了市场主体的公平竞争秩序。违法行为所侵害的公共利益具有潜在危险性和主体不特定性特点,只有通过行政处罚才能修复违法行为所侵害的公共利益,所以,应当原则上禁止"撮合私了"。《治安管理处罚法》第9条的规定只是这个原则的例外,是在违法行为社会危害不大的前提下,综合考虑受害人补偿、调查成本等因素的制度选择。基于行政执法程序天然的利益对抗不足之缺陷,为了纠正随意"撮合私了"之违法行为,保护社会公众的用药安全与公平竞争权,将来修改《行政诉讼法》时应当确立行政公益诉讼制度。     

保护公民、法人和其他组织的权益应成为行政诉讼的根本目的

修改《行政诉讼法》首先要确定行政诉讼的目的,即如何在解决行政争议、保护公民权益与监督行政机关三者之间作出抉择。虽然三者均可以作为行政诉讼的目的,但无疑保护公民权益应作为行政诉讼的主要目的和根本目的。因为《行政诉讼法》不仅应宣示保护公民权益的重要性,更关键性的是在行政诉讼具体制度的安排上体现和落实这一主要目的,解决目的多元带来的制度困惑和实践难题。     

宪法至上的法权思考

一国要实现真正的法治 ,首先必须实现真正的宪治。而宪治必然要求宪法权威的树立 ,以形成宪法至上的法治模式。几乎有宪法之国均规定宪法至上的地位 ,但真正实现宪法至上的却寥寥无几。宪法学的核心范畴是权力和权利及其相互关系。控制权力、保障权利是宪法内容的核心所在。本文试从控制权力、保障权利等方面来对宪法至上作几点思考     

欠发达地区农村土地使用权流转问题的思考

农村土地使用权流转是现代农业发展的必然要求。但当前欠发达的农村地区有其特殊的经济社会条件 ,土地使用权的流转必须根据本地区的经济发展状况 ,因地制宜 ,稳步推进。     

User review portability: Why and how?

User reviews of products on the e-commerce platforms are a critical determinant of inter-platform competition, as a large number of consumers base their purchasing choices on the related reviews written by other users. The network effects between the number of reviews and new users give a sustainable competitive advantage to incumbent platforms. While business literature has recognised the commercial value of the user reviews, legal scholarship has paid little attention to levelling the playing field between incumbents and new e-commerce platforms by exploring the portability of user reviews. This paper bridges this gap. We explore the possibility of porting user reviews through two legal mechanisms—first, traditional Intellectual Property law; second, the new Right to Data Portability (RtDP) as enshrined in the GDPR. After recognising the limitations of these mechanisms in enabling the portability of reviews, we suggest that pure data aggregators, such as Personal Information Management Services (PIMS), are best placed to make user reviews available to multiple platforms.