“拜一杜规则”与中国《科技进步法》和《专利法》的修订

如何促进政府投资所生之科研成果尽快向产业界转移,充分实现公共投资的经济和社会价值,一直是各国政府所面临的一个挑战。美国于1980年制定的《拜—杜法案》通过将政府资助所作之发明获得专利的权利划归完成单位,以产权激励的方式刺激此类创新成果的实施,并为此构建了被称为拜—杜规则的一整套颇为完备的制度,其实施取得了举世瞩目的效果。中国为提高政府资助科研所获得成果的产业化实施率,借鉴美国经验,在《科技进步法》中引入了拜—杜规则的核心内容。但是,仅有科技基本法原则性的规定是不够的,为充分发挥拜—杜规则的积极作用,《专利法》或者《专利法实施细则》中有必要充实这一规则的具体制度设计。     

Participatory research practice at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)

This study assessed the extent to which participatory methods had been used by CIMMYT, and how the scientists perceived them. Results suggest that participatory approaches at the Center were largely ‘functional’ – that is, aimed at improving the efficiency and relevance of research – and had in fact added value to the research efforts. The majority of projects surveyed also placed emphasis on building farmers' awareness. This is understandable if we think that the limiting factor in scientist–farmer exchange is the farmers' limited knowledge base. Thus, in situations such as marginal areas and in smallholder farming, exposure to new genotypes and best-bet management options would be a first requirement for effective interactions and implementation of participatory approaches.     

Impact assessment of farmer institutional development and agricultural change: Soroti district,Uganda

This article is based on participatory development research conducted in Soroti district of Uganda with the aim of assessing the impact of agricultural development among poor farmers. The central argument is that a combination of farmer empowerment and innovation through experiential learning in farmer field school (FFS) groups, changes in the opportunity structure through transformation of local government staff, establishment of new farmer-governed local institutions, and emergence of a private service provider has been successful in reducing rural poverty. Based on an empirical study of successful adaptation and spread of pro-poor technologies, the study assesses the well-being impact of agricultural technology development in Soroti district. The study concludes that market-based spread of pro-poor agricultural technologies requires an institutional setting that combines farmer empowerment with an enabling policy environment.     

论第三代领导集体对马克思主义科技学说的新贡献

第三代领导核心在科技社会功能、科技战略部署、科技战略意义、科技发展动力和科技发展根本途径等多方面对马克思主义科学学说进行了丰富和发展。可以说,科学技术综合发展水平是衡量党的先进性的重要指标,驾驭科技的娴熟程度是衡量党的执政水平和领导水平的重要标志,科技进步程度是衡量社会主义制度优越性的重要内容。     

Participatory technology development in agricultural mechanisation in Nepal: how it happened and lessons learned

International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT) projects on new resource-conservation technologies (RCTs) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal aimed to strengthen equity of access, poverty reduction, and gender orientation in current rural mechanisation processes – more specifically, to promote machine-based resource conservation and drudgery-reduction technologies among smallholder farmers. These projects, together with other projects and other actors, gave rise to an informal ‘coalition’ project, which used participatory technology development (PTD) approaches, where farmers, engineers, scientists, and other partners worked towards equitable access to new RCTs. This experience showed that PTD projects need to be flexible, making use of learning and change approaches. Once successful adoption is occurring, then what? Such projects need to ensure that everyone is benefiting in terms of social inclusion and equity; this might necessitate new unforeseen work.     

信息网络时代版权保护制度两大变革

信息网络时代版权保护制度正在衍变。文章探讨了信息网络时代版权保护制度的两大变革。第一，在版权侵权责任的归责原则上对传统的过错责任原则作了变革，产生了“通知后责任”制度，也就是其他论著中所说的网络服务提供者间接侵权制度，在这一点上，文章试图从一个新的角度也就是归责原则的变更角度对之进行探讨。第二是版权保护的中心从复制权转移到传播权的趋向，这一点还未引起学界的重视，文章试图论证这种变革正在发生。在数字世界，控制传播比控制复制具有更大的意义。     

A smorgasbord of agricultural technologies: farmers' choices and lessons from Chalite,Panama

Patronato de Nutrición introduced a range of 18 optional agricultural technologies in the indigenous community of Chalite, Panama. Three of the technologies were adopted by more than half of the farmers surveyed, while an additional eight technologies were adopted by between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of the farmers. Farmers were more likely to adopt technologies associated with familiar crops, previously promoted by other groups, or requiring limited labour or financial resources. The article shows how development groups can quickly reduce the number of technologies promoted in order to deliver services more effectively.     

发展现代科学技术 促进经济社会发展

科学技术作为第一生产力,对经济社会的发展起着至关重要的作用.它不仅能促进经济增长方式的转变,推动经济结构的调整和优化,而且还能促进经济社会的可持续发展.     

仿真技术在公安教育训练中的应用

仿真技术已经成为分析、研究各种系统 ,尤其是复杂系统的重要工具 ,不仅用于工程领域 ,而且还广泛用于非工程领域。在公安教育训练中 ,如射击训练、驾驶训练、现场勘查等教学中应用仿真技术不但能提高训练效率 ,减少训练时间 ,不受环境及气候限制 ,而且对保证安全、节约开支、提高质量具有突出的功效。     

牙齿异常者颌面数字全景片同一认定指标及其编码

目的系统筛选颌面影像法医学同一认定的识别指标，制定全口牙型识别指标编码。方法随机选取620例有牙齿治疗史者、150例牙齿有病变无治疗史者的数字全口牙位曲面体层片进行观测，根据牙齿的生理变异、病理改变和治疗特征筛选全口牙型识别指标，并按设计的编码标准和原则对其全口牙型逐一编码，最后分别统计两组全口牙型的多样性以评估其价值。结果620例牙齿有治疗史者中共有619种全口牙型编码，全口牙型多样性为99．84％；150例牙齿有病变无治疗史者中共有146种全口牙型编码，全口牙型多样性为97．33％。结论选出的全口牙型识别指标对牙齿异常者进行法医学同一认定具有实际应用价值。