Pulse Variations of a Conducted Energy Weapon (Similar to the TASER® X26 Device): Effects on Muscle Contraction and Threshold for Ventricular Fibrillation*

Abstract: Conducted energy weapons (such as the Advanced TASER X26 model produced by TASER International), incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. To provide information relevant to development of future potential devices, a “Modifiable Electronic Stimulator” was used to evaluate the effects of changing various parameters of the stimulating pulse. Muscle contraction was affected by pulse power, net/gross charge, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency. The contraction force increased linearly as each of these factors was increased. Elimination of a precursor pulse from X26‐like pulses did not have a significant effect on the normalized force measured. Muscle‐contraction force increased as the spacing increased from 5 to 20 cm, with no further change in force above 20 cm of spacing. Therefore, it is suggested that any future developments of new conducted energy weapons should include placement of electrodes a minimum of 20 cm apart so that efficiency of the system is not degraded. In the current study, the 50% probability of fibrillation level of X26‐like pulses ranged from 4 to 5 times higher than the X26 itself. Relatively large variations about the X26 operating level were found not to result in fibrillation or asystole. Therefore, it should be possible to design and build an X26‐type device that operates efficiently at levels higher than the X26.     

Excessive Uniformity in Federal Drug Sentencing

The ideal of fair and proportionate punishment was a major impetus for federal sentencing reform. Observers of the current federal drug sentencing regime contend that the sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimums lead to the problem of “excessive uniformity” in which offenders of widely differing culpability receive similar sentences due to the dominance of drug quantity as a sentencing factor. This study investigates this phenomenon using the 1997 Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities. Controlling for relevant offense, offender, and case processing variables, the analysis finds that the quantity-driven sentencing fails to account for important differences in offender culpability—resulting in excessively uniform sentences for offenders with highly dissimilar roles in the offense. The main policy implication of this research is that the central, organizing role of drug quantity in federal drug sentencing needs to be rethought. Indeed, effectively dealing with the problem of excessive uniformity will likely require the wholesale restructuring of how federal sentences for drug offenders are determined.

论公共财政监督与控制——以宪法为视角

从各国宪法制度安排的角度探讨公共财政政策形成过程中的国家权力配置问题,有助于反思国家公共财政监督的制度建构。议会制度产生之初,议会通过控制财政来监控政府,系议会民主性的表现。随着社会发展,公共财政已由议会控制转向实质上由政府掌控,议会对财政控制转而通过立法等法治手段来监督,并不参与实质意义上的议决。在我国人民代表大会的民主功能、监督功能尚待完善的情形下,将公共财政监督制度化、法治化应成为首选途径。只有在此基础之上,公民或者社会组织才能真正有效地参与监督国家的公共财政开支。     

死亡大鼠组织中总RNA提取的质量控制及方法评价

目的探讨不同商品化试剂盒在提取组织总RNA过程中的优劣与适用范围,为实验室的质量控制提供依据。方法采用以膜提取技术为基础（SV total RNA isolation system）和以异硫氰酸胍/苯酚法为原理（TRIzol总RNA提取试剂盒）的两种试剂盒对死亡大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑组织进行总RNA的提取与评价鉴定,并使用琼脂糖变性凝胶电泳和2100芯片生物分析仪对提取的总RNA进行完整性鉴定和质量控制评价。结果两种商品化试剂盒提取的总RNA纯度与得率均可满足实验要求。各组织脏器中总RNA得率依次为脾脏＆gt;肝脏＆gt;肾脏＆gt;大脑＆gt;肺脏＆gt;心脏。结论与TRIzol总RNA提取试剂盒相比,SV Total RNA Isolation System提取时对操作人员熟练度要求较低,2100芯片生物分析仪有望替代凝胶电泳技术用于总RNA提取时的质量控制。     

行政强制执行的主体及其监控机制

文章通过分析和比较国内外已有的行政强制执行相关理论,为我国立法中行政强制执行主体的创设提供了现实立法模式和未来发展模式,进而为行政强制执行主体有效、合法地行使行政强制执行权,设计了系列监控机制,包括授权控制、程序控制、监督控制等。     

The role of institutional and governance factors in public–private partnerships infrastructure investments in emerging economies

The overall development and sustained growth of any economy depend heavily on its infrastructure provisioning. Emerging economies are usually characterised by constrained public investments in infrastructure. Budgetary constraints of the governments are one of the major hurdles to these investments. Due to these reasons that governments of emerging economies continuously seek collaborations with the private sector for additional sources of funding infrastructure. Economies with solid institutional and governance frameworks are known to provide a conducive environment for enhanced private sector attraction in the sector. However, emerging economies face greater institutional and governance issues than developed economies, and they sometimes fall short of luring private investments in the infrastructure sector. The objective of this study is to empirically evaluate the role of institutional and governance aspects in private sector attraction in emerging economies. This study provides empirical evidence with a sample of 114 emerging economies over a period of 20 years. Various econometric estimates were developed to explore the interplay between public-private partnership investments and governance factors. The results of the study provide an evidence of a positive association between these factors and private investments in public-private partnership arrangements.     

How do interests,ideas, and institutions affect multisectoral governance? The case of tobacco governance in two Pacific small island developing states

Multisectoral governance has been recognized to be vital to regulate harmful commodity industries, yet countries struggle with reaching policy coherence due to government agencies' conflicting mandates and industry interference. Limited empirical evidence is available on how interests, ideas, and institutions intersect and influence multisectoral governance in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Pacific small island developing states (PSIDS), often exploited by vested industry interests and whose non-communicable disease crisis commands urgent action to regulate harmful commodities. This study assessed the ways interests, ideas, and institutions intersect and shape multisectoral tobacco governance in PSIDS. Interviewee data collected in Fiji and Vanuatu show that the idea of individual responsibility, the limited recognition of commercial determinants of health, the centralization of authority, and the vulnerabilities of small island developing states, (including small population, land, economy, geographic isolation, and status as a developing economy), prevent these states from achieving policy coherence in multisectoral tobacco governance.     

Legitimising liberal militarism: politics,law and war in the Arms Trade Treaty

Post-cold war efforts to knit together human rights and international humanitarian law in pursuit of tougher arms transfer control reached their apogee in the UN Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). In contrast to dominant accounts based on human security norms, I argue that a key effect of the ATT is to legitimise liberal forms of militarism. During negotiations the US and UK governments justified their arms export practices in terms of morality, responsibility and legitimacy. More broadly their arms transfer practices are explained away by reference to national regulatory regimes that exceed the standards set out in the ATT. Arms transfers to Egypt and intra-Western transfers illustrate the way these justifications and regimes serve to shield US–UK weapons transfers and use from scrutiny and accountability. Rather than signalling the victory of human security, the ATT is better understood as facilitating the mobilisation of legitimacy for contemporary liberal forms of war fighting and war preparation.     

The Gun Control Debate: Why Experience and Culture Matters

The article revisits the gun control debate policy comparing the varied and diverse perspectives and viewpoints held by both the culturalist and empiricist, pro-gun society and gun less society on how the gun debate may be properly resolved through a pragmatic approach of policy-making- putting emphasis on culture, experience and observation with regards to gun control. In the process of employing an idea-based coalition approach and argumentative discourse analysis towards the brewing gun control debate, the article consequently realizes the convergent role of both cultural worldviews and public opinion plays at the very heart of deliberation on gun debate.     

Assessing Revenue Authority Performance in Developing Countries: A Synthetic Control Approach

In many developing countries, comprehensive reforms have been undertaken in tax administration during recent years and the implementation of semiautonomous revenue authorities (SARAs) constitutes one of their most visible expressions. To date, no comprehensive assessment has been undertaken to investigate how successful these SARAs have been in improving revenue collection in these countries. Therefore, this article attempts to fill this gap by assessing revenue collection trends in 20 developing countries after the SARA has been implemented. Using the synthetic control method, we show that in most countries, the implementation of a SARA did not significantly improve government revenues.