The economics of collective knowledge and technological communication

Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good when it is the outcome of the integration between internal to the firm investments in R&D and learning and the absorption of competencies and technologies provided by external organizations (such as, other firms, universities, R&D centers). Technological communication is a crucial strategy in such dynamic interaction between the firm and the system. Only under effective conditions of technological communication the private and social benefits derived from the exploitation of spillovers are higher than the private losses due to partial inappropriability. The article presents a simple microeconomic framework to understand knowledge production and distribution, integrating the effects and conditions of technological communication within a knowledge production function. The interaction between internal investments in R&D and learning, partial inappropriability, the conditions for the access to external knowledge and the exploitation of spillovers explains increasing returns in the production of knowledge.

Dynamic posturography of injured lower limb in postural evoked responseCSCD

Objective: To analyze the balance function of injured lower limb by dynamic posturography. Methods: Using the dynamic posturography instrument, the postural evoked responses of sixty-two normal people and two hundred and fifty-eight people with injured lower limb bones and joints were detected. The test was included sensory organization test (SOT) and adaption test (ADT). The results of two groups were compared by t test. Results: Compared with the normal people, the impaired people had significant statistical differences in balance scores of SOT3-SOT6 and proportion score of dynamic proprioception (P<0.05). There was no obvious decrease in ADT. Conclusion: The balance function of injured lower limb significantly decreases. © 2015 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

知识经济·后发展·人的创新

知识经济是知识信息密集的后工业社会的经济存在形式,它意味着当代资本主义经营方式以及市场经济形式的新的变化,标志着“知识社会”的真正来临。目前全球性的知识经济既给后发展国家提出了严峻挑战,也创造了难得的发展机遇,后发展国家应该主动迎接知识经济的挑战。知识经济要求人们重新理解知识,把知识的获得直接看成是创造知识的过程,并把知识的应用与开发直接看成是知识过程的内在组成部分。要实现知识创新,就需要转变观念,敢于创新,扎实工作,发挥潜能。在这一过程中,既要将知识与市场活动统一起来,又要防止走向知识崇拜,从而真正使知识成为人类自身获得解放的重要途径。     

中国创建学习型政府的动力系统分析

创建学习型政府是适应国内外形势、抓住机遇迎接挑战的需要。全球化的发展、知识社会的到来、信息技术的应用、传统文化的积淀、高层领导的支持等,都有力地推动着学习型政府的顺利创建。     

同盟视野探析

同盟视野是指缔结同盟的国家通过同盟所要追求的以安全、军事为主的关切范围,它主要通过同盟条约中的同盟覆盖区域的形式体现.关切主要是一种基于利益之上的主观判断,覆盖区域主要是基于利益之上对地理空间范围的主观判断,因此,同盟视野既具有客观的地理性,又具有主观的判断性.同盟视野不同于同盟目标和同盟针对对象.同盟视野概念的提出有利于理解同盟这一概念,从而有利于进一步构建和丰富同盟理论.同盟视野是同盟得以存在的实质性内涵和逻辑支撑之一.同盟视野重合程度高,则同盟持续的时间长,运行更有效;反之,则同盟持续的时间短,运行效率低.同盟视野的类型分为地区性与全球性、静态性与动态性,同盟类型的不同及其转化对同盟存续意义重大.     

论科学和宗教性质与作用的相通

近代以来的科学进步在十分深远的层面上改变了人们对世界的看法,伴随宗教在公共生活中的退隐,科学在今天正起着与中世纪的宗教相似的作用。科学与宗教的相似性质与在历史上地位的转换值得加以重视。     

地方政府创新中政策企业家知识创造的一个分析模型——以K市公益基金招投标改革为例

政策企业家在推动政府创新中,有无知识创造活动?若有,过程是怎样的?这是政府创新研究中的基本问题之一。论文以知识生产理论为视角,以K市公益基金招投标改革为例,对这一问题进行了研究。主要发现是:政策企业家将其新想法转化为创新方案的认知活动中,运用了其专门知识,创新方案设计活动是新想法、组织外部知识与内部知识的结合;知识创造本质是命题性知识与能力之知间相互作用而转换;知识创造方式包括原理化、操作化、合法化、边界化等;生产过程最后产出了因果知识、工具知识、流程知识、目标知识、预测知识、协调知识等。基于创造方式,论文将政策企业家的知识创造模型命名为ROLD。这一研究的意义在于:尝试从知识创造视角去揭示政府创新微观活动的“黑箱”。     

对提高动态环境下城市治安防控能力的几点思考

社会主义市场经济的发展 ,带动了人财物的大量流动 ,形成了治安防控的动态化环境。加强在动态环境下的治安防控能力 ,应变公安机关“独家经营”为为社会提供安全服务的模式 ,调动一切积极力量 ,实现动态治安的社会化控制 ;建立刚性的责任行政机制 ,强化政府相关部门配合和职能发挥 ,实现依法强制化管理 ;通过科技强警和多警种协同 ,在快速反应中实现对治安形势影响较大问题的平抑。     

基于GIS的都市应急疏散系统

我国是灾害频发的国家之一。自然灾害如近日发生的印度洋大海啸、工业事故以及潜在的恐怖袭击等严重威胁都市人民的生命安全。一旦发生重大灾害性事件，往往需要在短时间内安全地进行大规模紧急疏散高密集人群。实施科学的应急救灾策略，是减少灾害（事故）后果严重性的重要措施之一。本文提出了基于时变动态流的网络优化模型，该模型以最短疏散时间为目标函数，同时对疏散路径、疏散目的地以及疏散开始时间进行优化。并以此优化模型为基础，初步建立了基于GIS的大规模应急疏散系统。该系统可以模拟优化各种灾害条件下最优应急疏散策略，为政府有关部门在城市建设和城市防灾规划中的决策提供科学依据。该系统可用于城市应急规划设计和实时应急管理指挥。     

Determinants of knowledge transfer: evidence from Canadian university researchers in natural sciences and engineering

This paper addresses three questions: First, what is the extent of research transfer in natural sciences and engineering among Canadian university researchers? Second, are there differences between various disciplines with regard to the extent of this transfer? And third, what are the determinants of research transfer? To answer these questions, the paper begins by differentiating between technology transfer and knowledge transfer. It then identifies the individual researcher as the unit of analysis of this study and introduces a conceptual framework derived from the resource-based approach of firms. The paper then reviews the literature on each of the factors included in the conceptual framework, beginning with the dependent variable, knowledge transfer. The conceptual framework includes four categories of resources and one category of research attributes that are likely to influence knowledge transfer. Based on a survey of 1,554 researchers funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), comparisons of means of research transfer across research fields were conducted. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of research transfer by research field. The results of these analyses indicate that researchers transferred knowledge much more actively when no commercialization was involved than when there was commercialization of protected intellectual property. This paper thus adds to the relatively scarce evidence about knowledge transfer by examining knowledge transfer from a broader perspective than strict commercialization. The findings of this paper are also interesting for other reasons. We obtained statistical evidence indicating that researchers in certain research fields were much more active in knowledge transfer than those in other fields, thereby pointing to differences in levels of knowledge activities across research fields. Furthermore, we obtained evidence showing that only two determinants explained knowledge transfer in all the six research fields considered in this study, namely, focus of research projects on users’ needs, and linkages between researchers and research users. Statistical evidence obtained indicates that the other determinants that influence knowledge transfer vary from one research field to another, thus suggesting that different policies would be required to increase knowledge transfer in different research fields. The last part of the paper outlines the implications of the regression results for theory building, public policy and future research.