Backsliding and Reversal: The J Curve Revisited

In this article we argue that democratic transitions can reverse, oscillate, or simply stall. These transitions are exemplified in the different types of states we categorize. We construct a model of stability vs openness using three dimensions of stateness, namely authority, legitimacy, and capacity. With the additional application of a six-fold typology of states, we offer a robust analytical framework with which to identify and explain changes in state status. Our construct of stability and openness leads to a novel development of a global conflict damage index, which is built upon conflict risk, but considers a state’s capacity to deal with conflict. The paper concludes with implications for policy and the application of the model to conflict prediction when states under go transition.     

Survival strategies of widows and their families in early modern Holland, c. 1580–1750

This article analyses the impact of widowhood upon women in early modern urban society in Holland. Widows were able to maintain their households and to minimize the discontinuity with their lives when married. A remarkably egalitarian inheritance and marital property law, access to a broad range of occupations, a privileged status, an extended poor relief system, institutionalised mutual assistance and new forms of financial provisions for widows enabled widows to survive after the loss of an adult male breadwinner. However, legal rights, social provisions and economic opportunities available to women in the Dutch Golden Age and thereafter, could not prevent social polarization after women lost their spouse.     

21例外伤后周围神经功能障碍的ENMG分析

对21例外伤后“周围神经功能障碍”的神经肌电图（ENMG）特征进行分析，并探讨其在法医学鉴定中的意义。结果提示：癔症患者的ENMG中运动单位电位（MUP）较少，甚至引不出，运动神经传导速度（MNCV）和感觉神经传导速度（SNCV）基本正常或轻度减慢；夸大病情者的ENMG有正常或轻度异常，个别病倒在一部分或局部肌肉可出现神经损害的表现，但并非像他们所表现或诉说的那样严重、范围那样大；诈病者的ENMG一般在正常范围，ENMG检查可提供判断神经肌肉损伤真伪的依据。     

The legal possibilities of Antwerp widows in the late sixteenth century

This article assesses the ability of widows and other women in Antwerp to act independently of men to defend their economic interests and those of their children. Consideration is given to both legal norms and actual practice in a number of different areas including writing wills, making marriage contracts, managing financial assets and pursuing claims and defending themselves in the civil courts. Analyses of these issues indicate that widows in Antwerp enjoyed in practice a greater degree of independence than was available to widows in many other parts of Europe, despite their weaker position in law.Particular attention is given to the role in Antwerp of women merchants whose position freed them from male control and supervision. It is argued that their favored status did not derive from the desire of the authorities to protect the interests of their male relatives or to advance the economic interests of these women. Rather their legal freedom is seen as reflecting acknowledgement of the importance of their business activities and the wish to safeguard the interests of their customers who could pursue claims against the woman merchant in the event of a dispute.     

耳损伤的法医学鉴定分析

听功能操作是法医学鉴定中的常见操作之一，由于耳部结构复杂，其操作后常伴有不同程度的听功能障碍。因此，听功能损伤是法医临床鉴定工作中的重点也是难点之一。通过对2002年-2004年间有关耳损伤的法医学鉴定进行回顾性分析，发现听功能损伤鉴定以伤害案件居多，而变通肇事致听功能障碍者少见；致伤物以钝器多见；耳损伤以鼓膜穿孔为主；听功能损伤鉴定伪聋与夸大听力障碍程度的占有一定比例，听功能损伤的法医学鉴定应用ABR结合词频音掩蔽试验能很好地识别伪聋及夸大病情的案例，对于存在客观听力障碍，而排除鼓膜穿孔及颞骨骨折等常见致聋因素的案例，建议考虑突聋所致。     

中国古代早期的原生态政治面面观

中国古代早期的政治活动深深地渗透和贯彻在人们的饮食、两性关系、家庭亲情、身体等治序乃至生命快乐之中.以其“治道”与“身道”的彻底统一,以其对“生命和谐”至极宗旨的追求,体现为一种“祛政治化”的“原生态政治”.在不同的政治文明对话和重建人类政治文明的今天,“原生态政治”的重新发掘不仅有助于对中国古代政治学的正本清源,也可为当今人类克服其愈演愈烈的“政治异化”现象提供有益的理论和实践的借鉴.     

Development of a Marketing Campaign to Recruit Non-adjudicated and Untreated Abusive Men for a Brief Telephone Intervention

Although voluntary enrollment by abusive men in domestic violence perpetrator treatment programs occurs, most men enter treatment only after they have injured a partner or family member and have been arrested, convicted and sentenced. This leaves a serious gap for those who engage in abusive behavior but who have not been served by the legal or social service systems. To address this gap, the researchers applied social marketing principles to recruit abusive men to a telephone-delivered pre-treatment intervention (the Men’s Domestic Abuse Check-Up—MDACU), designed to motivate non-adjudicated and untreated abusive men who are concurrently using alcohol and drugs to enter treatment voluntarily. This article discusses recruitment efforts in reaching perpetrators of intimate partner violence, an underserved population. Informed by McGuire’s communication and persuasion matrix, the researchers describe three phases of the MDACU’s marketing campaign: (1) planning, (2) early implementation, and (3) revision of marketing strategies based on initial results. The researchers’ “lessons learned” conclude the paper. This project is supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1 RO1 DA017873.     

原发性高血压早期肾损害中医证型与血、尿β2-MG及尿ALB、IgG的关系

目的: 探讨原发性高血压(EH)早期亚临床肾损害与中医证型的关系.方法:参照国家卫生部<新药(中药)治疗高血压病临床研究指导原则>的中医辨证分型标准,对127例EH患者进行了中医辨证分型,采用放射免疫分析法(RIA)进行肾功能联检(血、尿β2-MG,尿ALB和IgG),并以健康人50例作对照.结果: ①轻、中及重度高血压患者的早期肾功能指标和正常人比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05),高血压病程<5年的早期肾功能指标与>5年者比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);②中医辨证分型以阴虚阳亢证最多,其中肝火亢盛证肾损害较轻,阴虚阳亢证肾损害有加重趋势,但两者比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),痰湿壅盛证和阴阳两虚证肾损害进一步加重.结论:中医证候和EH早期肾损害程度有一定的关系,中医不同证型之间存在着客观化指标的区别,肾功能联检对高血压并发早期肾损害有重要意义.     

云南省建国初期禁毒斗争对当前禁毒工作的启示

云南省解放初期禁毒形势比较严峻，经过禁种、禁运、禁售、禁吸等措施的实施，最终从源头上堵住了烟毒的泛滥，基本上解决了建国初期云南的烟毒问题，维护了社会安定，净化了社会风气，促进了社会的发展与稳定。今天云南省面临的禁毒形势依然很严峻，总结历史成功的经验对今天的禁毒工作有一定启示作用。     

第一次启蒙文学思潮与清末民初小说

第一次启蒙文化思潮发端于洋务运动，甲午海战的惨败促成了维新变法运动，产生了深刻的社会启蒙；而中国第一次启蒙文学思潮真正开始于1902-1903年，梁启超的《论小说与群治之关系》与《饮冰室诗话》把第一次启蒙文学思潮推向高潮。晚清四大谴责小说已经超越了启蒙影响下的政治意识觉醒进入了深层文化意识觉醒。1907年后鲁迅的启蒙侧重于社会改造，侧重于人的觉醒。民国初年鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说所诠释的启蒙意义填补了第一次启蒙文学思潮和第二次启蒙文学思潮之间的空缺。