Rethinking the medical causes of infant death in early modern Europe: a closer look at church registers and medical terminology

The historical roots of the prevailing hypothesis about the main causes of high infant mortality in Europe in the last four centuries are presented in detail focusing on German sources and publications. Assumptions about infections being the main cause of deaths during infancy clearly need to be reevaluated. The terminology of early sources has passed many steps of translation and interpretation. In the old church registers, wording in the local vernacular merely described the most visible symptoms before the final stages of diseases. Scientific medicine and its terminology repeatedly went astray before real pediatric competence was acquired in the nutritional physiology of infants. The combination of different kinds of evidence points to serious flaws in the prevailing hypothesis, while source data and publications confirm a different conclusion: inadequate nutrition due to early weaning and unsuitable substitute food caused the specific set of symptoms described in the historical sources. Medical evidence about infant malnutrition in developing countries supports this new interpretation.     

Early Exposure to Violence in the Family of Origin and Positive Attitudes towards Marital Violence: Chinese Immigrant Male Batterers vs. Controls

This study examined self-reported early exposure to violence in the family of origin and positive attitudes towards marital violence as risk factors in court-referred Chinese immigrant male batterers (N = 64) versus controls (N = 62). Early exposure to violence was positively correlated with marital violence, but it alone did not differentiate the batterers from the controls, as both groups were widely exposed to it. While it was significantly correlated with marital violence in the batterer group, it was significantly correlated with depression in the control group. Positive attitudes towards marital violence were not only correlated with marital violence but also sufficient to differentiate the batterers from the controls. It also partially mediated the effect of early exposure to violence on marital violence. These two risk factors together accounted for 21.9% of the variance in marital violence over and above sociodemographic variables and marital dissatisfaction. Research and treatment implications based on these findings were outlined.

台湾早期移住民的史前文化述论

本文根据目前所见的考古资料和前人的研究成果 ,概述了台湾早期移住民各族群的史前文化 ,认为台湾最早的居民是分东西两路来自我国大陆的古人类     

关于加强企业财务风险管理的探讨

财务风险作为一种信号,能够全面综合反映企业的经营状况,要求企业经营者进行经常性财务分析,防范财务危机,建立预警分析指标体系,进行适当的财务风险决策。     

MODSE模型的生理生化学及组织形态学研究

目的　探讨老年多器官功能障碍综合征 (multipleorgandysfunctionsyndromeintheelderly ,MODSE)的生理生化指标及组织形态学变化特点及其意义。方法　本实验采用盲肠结扎穿孔术 (cecalligationpuncture ,CLP)制作MODSE模型和青年多器官功能障碍综合征 (multipleorgandysfunctionsyndrome ,MODS)模型 ,并设立与以上两种模型相应的假手术对照组和未加任何处理的对照组 ;分别于术后 6,12 ,2 4,48和 72h监测生理生化学指标并同时采用常规HE染色法对各重要器官 (心、脑、肺、肝和肾 )的组织形态学变化进行研究。结果　MODSE组在 6h左右就可以观察到器官功能受到损害 ,2 4h左右达高峰且持续的时间很长 ( 72h还持续存在 ) ,而MODS组则在 2 4h左右才会出现器官功能受损且受损严重程度较MODSE组轻微 ,48h达高峰。结论　MODSE模型的器官功能障碍发生率较高 ,其器官结构与功能的损害发生亦较早而且严重 ,此结果为多器官功能衰竭死亡的法医学鉴定提供一定的实验依据。     

c-jun及其表达产物的法医学应用前景

c-jun基因是即刻早期基因jun家族成员之一,正常情况下该基因在大多数细胞中表达水平很低且不易被检测到,但在外界某些因素作用下,可被快速激活使之明显表达,其表达产物在多种基因表达、细胞增殖、细胞分化、凋亡等过程中起重要作用。本文综述了即刻早期基因c-jun及其产物c-jun蛋白的结构特点、生物学功能,着重从脊髓损伤、颅脑枪弹创、电击伤等方面阐述了其法医学应用。     

Evaluation of eosin-fluorescence in the diagnosis of sudden cardiac death

The diagnostic significance of the eosin-fluorescence method was evaluated and compared with the enzymehistochemical β-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase method (β-HBDH) and the degree of hyperchromasia in 568 samples from 24 β-HBDH-negative and β-HBDH-positive sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) and 23 non-cardiac deaths as controls. The effect of autolysis was investigated separately on isolated human hearts at +4°C and +22°C. All samples were examined without any knowledge of clinical or autopsy data. Normal olive-green fluorescence was observed in only five individuals of the control group and two in the β-HBDH-negative one. The frequency of the yellow-fluorescence and hyperchromasia increased from the control subjects towards the β-HBDH-positive-ones. The difference in frequency distribution of fluorescence between the groups was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). The change in fluorescence did not correlate with the loss of β-HBDH-reaction or the distribution pattern of hyperchromasia. Postmortem autolysis did not change the fluorescence significantly but the 78% wrong positive subjects in the control group render this method too sensitive and unreliable for medicolegal purposes.     

大鼠早期心肌缺血纤维蛋白原与肌红蛋白的免疫组织化学对比性研究

按Selye法结扎Wistar大鼠冠状动脉左前降支，复制早期心肌缺血（EMI）模型。根据心肌缺血不同时间（15min、30min、1h、2h、3h）分5个实验组，另设1个对照组；每组取心尖部及其邻近的心肌组织制成石蜡切片，进行HE、链霉系合素生物素过氧化物酶（SAB）染色。结果表明：早期心肌缺血30min组，缺血区心肌即出现肌红蛋白（Mb）缺失和纤维蛋白原（Fg）染色增强。随着缺血时间延长，Mb缺失或Fg染色增强范围扩大，程度加重，从心内膜下向外层心肌发展呈“波浪式推进现象”，二者在心肌缺血过程中的变化规律相同，灵敏度相似，但Fg易受血液污染而致其可靠性较Mb差。在注意血液污染的前提下，SABC－Fg技术为诊断EMI提供了新的途径。     

北洋政府时期预算权的宪法配置

北洋政府时期中央政府与议会在预算权方面的博弈,为探讨宪法如何恰当配置预算权提供极佳切入点.预算权的宪法配置及其实践折射出当时立法与行政机构的相互关系和地位,也揭示出宪政发展状况与阻力之所在.整体而言,当时预算权的宪法配置处于失范状况,原因在于宪法秩序不能有效建立,宪法对预算权配置不合理,国会立法迟延以及当时政治斗争极端化,缺乏将妥协作为政治的必然组成部分.这些经验教训给当代中国带来的启示是：实现有效预算的前提在于“民主”和“权力制衡”,建立独立于政府的审计机构,立法机关向独立化、专职化和民选化转变以及培育宪政社会的基础.     

传统中国政治化惩贪例析——以唐前期为中心

传统中国政治斗争无处不在，在政治斗争的需要下，政治化惩贪应运而生。政治化惩贪是以惩贪为名，行打击政敌之实。专制政体下政治权力制衡的缺失是政治化惩贪产生的根本原因，官员多贪贿的事实及政治斗争的需要是政治化惩贪产生的直接原因。政治化惩贪对传统中国惩贪实践整体产生了深刻影响，使其表现出选择性办案、选择性不办案、用刑畸轻畸重等特点，惩贪的效果由此大打折扣，而传统中国的政治斗争也因此更趋激烈复杂。