中国与欧洲公众环境参与权的比较研究

公众参与权的保障与实现程度直接关系着民主决策的科学性和有效性,关系着全面建设社会主义现代化国家的进程。针对环境问题而言,如何从法律理论与实践两个层面更有效地回应公众的“参与权”,值得深入研究。相较而言,欧洲的相关法律制度走在世界前列,从纵向发展的视角来看,中国和欧洲在保障公众环境参与权的进程以及所面临的挑战方面有着相似之处,欧洲经验对我国有着极其重要的借鉴作用。中国和欧洲公众环境参与权有着不同的理论基础、历史发展进程、参与范围、参与层次、参与阶段以及支持者。基于这些相似性和不同点,立足于中国的具体国情和实际,欧洲公众环境参与权保障法律机制能为我国解决类似挑战提供一些可能路径。     

Assessment of PowerPlex® Fusion 5C’s ability to type degraded DNA

DNA samples collected at crime scenes are often degraded so this research focused on the ability of the Promega PowerPlex® Fusion 5C amplification kit to type both naturally and artificially degraded DNA.DNA was degraded naturally by placing equal volumes of blood on white fabric that was stored either inside, outside in a shaded area, or outside in direct sunlight. Samples were then collected every 10 days for 60 days and the DNA extracted (QIAamp® DNA Investigator). Artificially degraded samples were created by exposing extracted DNA to either UV light or 95 °C heat for varying times. DNA was also degraded artificially by placing blood samples into a 50% bleach solution for varying times prior to extraction.Following sample treatment, standard forensic DNA analysis was performed including quantification (Investigator® Quantiplex) and amplification (PowerPlex® Fusion 5C). Separation and detection were performed on an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis unit and analysis was performed using GeneMapper ID v3.2.1.While the time and shade samples showed similar amounts of degradation, the samples exposed to direct sun showed more degradation. The artificially degraded samples showed more signs of degradation such as reduced overall peak height and peak height imbalance at heterozygous loci. There were also some cases where an allele that was known to be in the profile exhibited total dropout. Although there were some instances of both allelic dropout and heterozygote peak imbalance, PowerPlex® Fusion was able to reliably type degraded DNA as all alleles detected were consistent with the known donor profile. The results show that PowerPlex® Fusion is a robust kit capable of handling forensically challenged samples.     

中蒙经贸关系现状及前景

目前,中蒙睦邻互信伙伴关系已进入了全面发展的新阶段,中蒙关系处在历史最好时期。特别是在双方的共同努力下,两国的经贸关系发展迅速,连创新高。中国是蒙古国第一大贸易伙伴和第一大投资国。今后还应完善法律环境,继续发挥两国的地缘优势和互补优势,重视环境保护,还要充分发挥内蒙古自治区在中蒙关系中的桥梁和纽带作用。以此,保障两国经贸合作的长期、健康、稳定的发展,进而推动中蒙睦邻互信伙伴关系的全面深入发展。     

论我国环境行政合同制度的构建

环境行政合同制度的功能和我国政府环境行政管理方式的滞后,说明构建我国环境行政合同制度已经成为必要;环境行政合同制度在我国的初步发展和我国企业环境意识的提高,说明构建我国环境行政合同制度已经具有可行性。我国的环境行政合同制度应主要包括环境行政合同的程序控制、主要内容、责任制度和救济制度等四个方面。     

论环境使用权交易制度

随着环境保护中的经济手段的广泛运用,环境使用权交易制度应运而生。这一法律化的经济制度起源于美国,其产生经历了由单项制度到综合性制度的发展过程,这一交易的标的是环境使用权。环境使用权交易制度在中国既有应用的必要和前景,也已具有相应的运用基础和条件。     

我国环境税收制度的现状及对策研究

环境税收通过建立一种经济利益刺激机制,发挥税收的行为激励和资金筹集双重职能,使环境污染和生态破坏的社会成本内化到生产成本和市场价格中去,再通过市场来分配资源,最终实现控制环境污染和改善环境质量的环境政策和法律目标.按照实现可持续发展的要求调整我国现行税制,逐步建立起相对完备的环境税收制度,是我国税法建设的重要目标.根据我国的现实情况,主要对策包括开征环境污染税、改革资源税制和对与环境保护相关的其他税种法的相应条款进行调整等等.     

Amazonian peasant livelihood differentiation as mutuality-market dialectics

ABSTRACT

Economistic approaches to the study of peasant livelihoods have considerable academic and policy influence, yet, we argue, perpetuate a partial misunderstanding – often reducing peasant livelihood to the management of capital assets by rational actors. In this paper, we propose to revitalize the original heterodox spirit of the sustainable livelihoods framework by drawing on Stephen Gudeman’s work on the dialectic between use values and mutuality on the one hand, and exchange values and the market on the other. We use this approach to examine how historically divergent mutuality-market dialectics in different Amazonian regions have shaped greater prominence of either extractivism or agriculture in current livelihoods. We conclude that an approach centered on the mutuality-market dialectic is of considerable utility in revealing the role of economic histories in shaping differential peasant livelihoods in tropical forests. More generally, it has considerable potential to contribute to a much-needed re-pluralization of approaches to livelihood in academia and policy.     

环境侵权诉讼证明标准初探

在中国现行单一的“高度盖然性”证明标准下 ,环境侵权诉讼面临着受害人利益难以得到保护、诉讼成本高、错判率高的巨大难题 ,为解决这些问题 ,必须重新确定合理的证明标准。我国应在无过错责任基础上 ,通过设立多元证明标准体系、确定对不同主体与不同证明对象适用不同证明标准规则、借鉴先进国家合理的证明方法等 ,以建立中国环境侵权诉讼的证明标准制度。     

Part on Green and Low-Carbon Development of China's Environmental Code System Response and Institution Implementation in Sustainable Development

The sustainable development integrity, national development goals, and legislative status quo have determined that the Green and Low-Carbon Development Part must be designed and incorporated into the China's Environmental Code (Code). The theoretical evolution in the action field, system composition, value function, and operation mechanism of the Environmental Law, as well as the practice development of the Environmental Protection Law legislation, enforcement, and judicial practices have laid a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the incorporation of green and lowcarbon development into the Code. The institutional layout of green and low-carbon development should respect and highlight its own traits. Furthermore, it is important to stress communication and coordination with other parts of the Code, follow the laws of energy development and utilization, and satisfy the inherent requirements of raw material reduction, reuse, and recycle. The layout method should abide by the general principle of general first, specific second; domestic first, international second; defined first, undefined second with decomposition goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as an exception. The layout effect of the flexibility first, rigidity second is pursued. The chapters of General Provisions, Cleaner Production Green Circulation, Green Consumption, Support and Supervision, and International Cooperation, and Climate Change Response, are specifically designed. Efforts are made to improve new systems, such as strategies and standards for green and low-carbon development, green logistics, energy performance contracting, green finance, carbon emissions trading, and energy early warning.     

生成整体论视野下的乡土聚落研究方法

文章针对乡土聚落既有研究方法的不足,基于生成整体论的哲学思维与人居环境科学作为复杂科学的契合性,提出"源头-节点-边界-格局"的乡土聚落的整体研究框架,该方法的特征为大主导小、空间嵌套、时间包含,以尺度交叉的学科集群为研究途径。案例在流域的整体视野下,以盐的生产与流通为线索,探讨沘江流域内外的盐井、村落与古桥的空间关联性。认为,生成整体论赋予乡土聚落的研究方法以普遍意义:从分析思维走向生成思维;重视多尺度、多学科的视角转换;积极面对经典空间研究的转向。