我国地方环境立法的良好范例——《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》（修正案）评析

《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》在理念上和制度上具有较多的创新之处,确立了一系列有利于环境保护的制度,如扩大环境监管权限制度、明确政府环境责任、强化对违法行为的制裁等等,这些都对我国环境法律的制定和修改具有重要意义.本文探讨了《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》取得成功的原因和启示,并对该务例的具体实施问题进行了分析.     

The BT Kemi Scandal and the Establishment of the Environmental Crime Concept

This study analyses the significance of the 1977 BT Kemi scandal in Teckomatorp, Sweden for the establishment of the concept of 'environmental crime', first in the public debate and then later in legislation. The BT Kemi scandal is analysed as a 'focusing event' that placed the relationship between environmental pollution, responsibility, legislation and penal sanctions firmly on the political agenda. Several commissions of inquiry were established as a consequence, and in 1981 the Environmental Protection Act was revised and environmental crimes were included in the penal code. This tightening of the legislation had very little effect in practice, however, and this study examines why these legislative changes had so little practical impact. Attention is focused on the historical and societal contexts in which Swedish environmental legislation during the 1960s, as an explanation of why environmental crime has been and remains such a marginalized phenomenon. Shared mentalities in the area of environmental protection, which have evolved over time within public sector agencies and the private sector, coupled with an unequal emerged distribution of power and diffuse legislation, have obstructed the establishment of environmental crime. The BT Kemi scandal was a decisive factor in the coming of age of environmental offending, but it nonetheless takes time before a new form of crime becomes 'self-evident' and accepted as such in the wider society.     

Aid and Performance: A Reassessment

Two visions of aid effectiveness and allocation are compared. The first, corresponding to the new aid paradigm, argues that aid is only effective if domestic policies are appropriate. The second, in contrast, argues that aid effectiveness depends on the external and climatic environment: the worse this environment, or the more vulnerable the recipient countries, the greater the effectiveness of aid. Cross-sectional econometric tests related to GDP growth on two 12-year pooled periods clearly favour the second view. The two views can be reconciled through the principle of performance-based aid allocation, where performance is defined as outcomes adjusted for the impact of environmental factors. Performance can then be measured in several manners which are subject to comparison. One approach would lead one to allocate more aid the worse the (external) environment is (for a given policy) and the better the policy is (for a given environment).     

论我国环境侵权责任保险制度的构建

面对日益严重的环境污染 ,我国应建立环境侵权责任保险制度 ,并可以引进巨灾风险证券化等制度 ,以更有效地分散风险。对于突发性环境侵权行为的责任保险应作为商业保险看待 ,对于持续性环境侵权的责任保险应作为政策性保险看待。我国环境侵权责任保险制度的实施应采取分步走的策略 ,即先承保突发性的环境侵权行为 ,待条件成熟时再承保持续性的环境侵权行为。针对环境侵权的危险性、突发性、持续性等因素 ,应采取强制投保和自愿投保相结合的方式。在给予受害人赔偿时 ,应实行责任限额制。     

Industrialists hand in hand with environmentalists: how eco-labeling schemes can help firms to raise rivals’ costs

Industrialists may promote eco-labeling schemes in order to gain the support of environmentalists and ultimately gain market protection. Beyond the environmental effects of such coalitions, these schemes can provide industrialists a legitimate way to disadvantage rivals, frequently foreign rivals, by raising their costs. We consider a Stackelberg model that determines the conditions under which a domestic firm has incentive to impose an eco-label in order to raise the costs of its foreign rivals. The effects of eco-labeling on domestic social welfare are ambiguous. Policy recommendations are drawn. Notably, factors that may help policy makers to identify situations more vulnerable to undesirable outcomes from a welfare viewpoint are developed.      

美国妨害法在环境侵权救济中的运用和发展

环境侵权救济 ,特别是环境侵害的排除 ,关涉受害人保护和产业发展的平衡。从美国传统妨害法在环境侵权救济中的运用和发展来分析 ,其维护环境正义与经济发展双重目标的有关理论和制度值得我国环境立法和环境司法实践参考和借鉴。     

环境公益诉讼制度实现途径探讨

现代社会环境问题日益严重,侵害环境公益的现象时有发生,但我国相关法律还不健全,很多环境损害问题无法寻求法律救济,在一定程度上影响人类社会与经济的可持续发展,因此有必要借鉴各先进国家的环境公益制度,建立健全我国的环境公益诉讼制度。     

从美国的环境执法看非强制行政

在环境执法领域,美国行政机关充分运用市场机制等经济协调手段、金融手段以及行政奖励诱导和鼓励投资者遵守环境法规,并通过信息公开加强执法者与管理者的交流、沟通,促进、鼓励公众参与环境立法和执法,这种非强制行政执法模式取得了良好成效。美国的非强制行政理论与模式对于我国建立以人为本的行政执法机制、促进法律运行的现代化有重要借鉴意义。     

浅谈建立我国环境侵权因果关系行政鉴定制度

在我国环境侵权纠纷处理过程中,因果关系的鉴定始终是一个亟待解决的难题。为此,笔者设想建立一套环境侵权因果关系的行政鉴定制度,作为对现有法律制度的补充和完善。以充分发挥环境行政机关的技术和资源优势,更好地解决环境侵权纠纷。     

The impact of plurilateral trade agreements on developing countries – to participate or not to participate?

In the wake of the impasse in the Doha Development Round of multilateral trade talks, sector-specific plurilateral trade agreements (PTAs) have been gaining traction. However, PTAs mostly appeal to developed countries, with the uptake among developing countries (including least-developed countries) being very limited. This article investigates the factors contributing to such a phenomenon, whether there is indeed merit in developing countries playing a more active role in PTAs and how they might be encouraged to do so. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted with specific attention being given to the effects, on a selection of developing countries, of participation in four PTAs: the Trade in Services Agreement, the Government Procurement Agreement, the Environmental Goods Agreement and the Information Technology Agreement II. Among the findings was that although, according to the qualitative analysis, policymakers are generally disinterested in the four PTAs because they are not aligned to the countries’ economic interests or they threaten policy space, the quantitative analysis revealed that gains could often be made from more active participation in these agreements. This clearly points to a research gap and highlights the need for more in-depth analysis of the potential of PTAs in the developing world.