国际非传统安全领域中的日本公共外交

冷战结束后,与人类共同利益密切相连的国际非传统安全领域日益受到各国的关注。公共外交以政府主导、面向公众、公开性、真实性为主要特征,以塑造国家形象为最终目标,在非传统安全领域有广泛的施展空间。日本作为二战战败国,实现政治大国的手段有很大的局限性,因此,它通过公共外交在非传统安全领域投入了巨大的人力、物力、财力,在国际社会上树立了良好的国家形象。但其传统外交的制约及外交政策的功利性也使日本公共外交失色不少。日本公共外交的成功与不足之处,对我国的指导意义是:建立中国特色的公共外交体系,采取多样化的手段、有针对性地开展公共外交。     

Explaining differences in EMAS participation rates across Europe: the importance of institutions,incomplete information and path dependence

What factors shape environmental policies across Europe? In order to answer this question most economists would probably adopt a Public Choice approach. This approach has convincingly explained some aspects of environmental policies that exist in a similar fashion across Europe. But why do many environmental policies differ across European countries? This article argues that in order to understand differences in environmental policies in Europe North’s analysis of institutional change focusing on formal and informal institutions, incomplete information and path dependence is useful. North’s approach is applied to explain differences in a particular field of European environmental policy: The implementation of the EU’s Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) in Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. The starting point of the analysis is the observation that participation of companies in EMAS markedly differs between countries. It is shown that these differences can be explained with differences in formal and informal institutions in the three Member States, incomplete information of relevant actors, and path dependence.     

《京都议定书》框架下促进我国企业履行环境责任的思考

<京都议定书>是各成员国为应对全球变暖达成温室气体减排承诺的环境协议,我国作为发展中国家在<京都议定书>谈判的第三阶段将面临减排的压力,温室气体减排主要取决于相关行业的发展和企业环境责任的承担情况.企业的环境责任作为企业承担社会责任的组成部分,在理论上刚刚兴起.培育企业环境责任意识,完善企业环境责任理论,探索企业环境责任承担相应机制以实现企业的经济效益增长与社会环境效益的双赢.     

Issue ownership and salience shocks: The electoral impact of Australian bushfires

As climate change increases the frequency of natural disasters, understanding how such disasters affect voting behavior has become crucial. While the literature has demonstrated that voters punish the party of the incumbent when they experience severe destruction, it remains unclear how other political parties are affected. In particular, we argue that voters shift their support to Green parties following natural disasters, given that these parties have ownership of environmental issues. We further argue that disasters decrease mainstream leftist parties’ vote share because liberal-minded voters are more likely to be the ones switching to Green parties. Empirical tests on bushfires and voting in Australia provide some support for our predictions, as all the expected effects of fires on voting manifest in state-level tests but not constituency-level tests. This suggests that our theory may operate only at certain levels of governance, paving the way for future research into why this might be.     

循环经济对环境库兹涅茨曲线影响分析

环境与经济的关系是理论界长期关注的焦点,存在着两个重要的学术理论.一项是假定性学说,揭示了经济与生态环境发展变化的轨迹,表述着一种现象,体现着一种矛盾的转化,即生态与环境状况同经济发展水平之间遵循倒U形状的环境库兹涅茨曲线;另一项是理论与实践的统一研究,即经济与环境可以实现良性互动的循环经济的新思维,循环经济从本质上揭示了环境与经济的内在联系,实现了环境经济学思维上的一个飞跃.环境库兹涅茨曲线已被发达国家的历史轨迹所证明,循环经济模式也正在被许多国家探索和实践着.这两项研究尽管形式不一、侧重不同,但并不相互脱离与冲突,循环经济这一新的经济模式在认可环境库兹涅茨曲线的同时,也体现着经济与环境的互动关系.循环经济是实现经济与环境最佳互动关系的发展模式.循环经济的理论充实了环境库兹涅茨曲线的内涵,循环经济的实践也必将使环境库兹涅茨曲线更加完善.     

The allure of technology: How France and California promoted electric and hybrid vehicles to reduce urban air pollution

All advanced industrialized societies face the problem of air pollution produced by motor vehicles. In spite of striking improvements in internal combustion engine technology, air pollution in most urban areas is still measured at levels determined to be harmful to human health. Throughout the 1990s and beyond, California and France both chose to improve air quality by means of technological innovation, adopting legislation that promoted clean vehicles, prominently among them, electric vehicles (EVs). In California, policymakers chose a technology-forcing approach, setting ambitious goals (e.g., zero emission vehicles), establishing strict deadlines and issuing penalties for non-compliance. The policy process in California called for substantial participation from the public, the media, the academic community and the interest groups affected by the regulation. The automobile and oil industries bitterly contested the regulation, in public and in the courts. In contrast, in France the policy process was non-adversarial, with minimal public participation and negligible debate in academic circles. We argue that California's stringent regulation spurred the development of innovative hybrid and fuel cell vehicles more effectively than the French approach. However, in spite of the differences, both California and France have been unable to put a substantial number of EVs on the road. Our comparison offers some broad lessons about how policy developments within a culture influence both the development of technology and the impact of humans on the environment.     

关于修改我国《环境保护法》的若干思考

现行的《环境保护法》已远远滞后于我国社会发展和环境保护的现状,针对其存在的问题,文章就该法修改的总体思路和主要内容方面提出中肯的建议.     

Merging content analysis and the policy sciences: A system to discern policy-specific trends from news media reports

In this article we set out to bridge a surprising methodological gap between two time-honored research traditions – news media content analysis and the policy sciences analytic framework. Lasswell, a recognized pioneer of both the method and the framework, discussed the mutual benefits of each decades ago. But few researchers, if any, have formally linked the two. To that end, in this article we (1) make the case for using news media content analysis to inform research studies using the policy sciences analytic framework; (2) introduce an original content analysis categorical system for that purpose; (3) demonstrate that system with a study of 90 national news articles about the stratospheric ozone hole; and (4) compare our system to others used to examine news content. We report that our system, used by human coders, is well geared to describing and mapping trends in the social process surrounding the development of the Montreal Protocol ozone treaty during the intelligence gathering and promotion phases encompassed by our data sample. We argue that other content analysis systems fall short – in structure and purpose – of meeting the promise ours holds to the policy scientist.     

论国际环境法渊源

国际环境法是国际法的一部分,其渊源与传统的国际法具有同一性,但也有其特殊性。国际环境条约具有五个特点:其制定的系统性(框架性)、发展和改变条约的程序方便性、可以在批准生效前临时适用、强调地球整体的观念和使NGO通过条约制度进入环境保护领域;在国际环境法中,有些习惯在很短的时间内被确认;一般法律原则对国际环境法的发展是有意义的,如善意原则、公平原则等;由于司法判例的一致性的要求、宣告性及决定国际环境法的存在和确定其内容,直接关系到争议各方的权益,是国际环境法重要的渊源之一;著名公法家学说,由于其主观性和可能的偏见,作为国际环境法的渊源,影响力比司法判例显然小多了;软法(没有法律拘束力的行为规则)在国际环境保护中扮演了基础性的作用,可以作为国际环境法的渊源之一。     

我国环境税法律制度研究

环境税是解决环境问题的一种重要的经济手段。我国现行环境税费制度存在诸多弊端,未体现资源环境的稀缺性和价值性,难以达到预防污染、保护资源的目的。为有效发挥环境税的调节作用,需要以生态理念为基础,体现可持续发展的思想,以环境友好的方式来设计我国的环境税法律制度,依法确定环境税税种、税率、纳税人、征收征管规程和优惠政策等。