Aid and Performance: A Reassessment

Two visions of aid effectiveness and allocation are compared. The first, corresponding to the new aid paradigm, argues that aid is only effective if domestic policies are appropriate. The second, in contrast, argues that aid effectiveness depends on the external and climatic environment: the worse this environment, or the more vulnerable the recipient countries, the greater the effectiveness of aid. Cross-sectional econometric tests related to GDP growth on two 12-year pooled periods clearly favour the second view. The two views can be reconciled through the principle of performance-based aid allocation, where performance is defined as outcomes adjusted for the impact of environmental factors. Performance can then be measured in several manners which are subject to comparison. One approach would lead one to allocate more aid the worse the (external) environment is (for a given policy) and the better the policy is (for a given environment).     

我国地方环境立法的良好范例——《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》（修正案）评析

《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》在理念上和制度上具有较多的创新之处,确立了一系列有利于环境保护的制度,如扩大环境监管权限制度、明确政府环境责任、强化对违法行为的制裁等等,这些都对我国环境法律的制定和修改具有重要意义.本文探讨了《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》取得成功的原因和启示,并对该务例的具体实施问题进行了分析.     

The BT Kemi Scandal and the Establishment of the Environmental Crime Concept

This study analyses the significance of the 1977 BT Kemi scandal in Teckomatorp, Sweden for the establishment of the concept of 'environmental crime', first in the public debate and then later in legislation. The BT Kemi scandal is analysed as a 'focusing event' that placed the relationship between environmental pollution, responsibility, legislation and penal sanctions firmly on the political agenda. Several commissions of inquiry were established as a consequence, and in 1981 the Environmental Protection Act was revised and environmental crimes were included in the penal code. This tightening of the legislation had very little effect in practice, however, and this study examines why these legislative changes had so little practical impact. Attention is focused on the historical and societal contexts in which Swedish environmental legislation during the 1960s, as an explanation of why environmental crime has been and remains such a marginalized phenomenon. Shared mentalities in the area of environmental protection, which have evolved over time within public sector agencies and the private sector, coupled with an unequal emerged distribution of power and diffuse legislation, have obstructed the establishment of environmental crime. The BT Kemi scandal was a decisive factor in the coming of age of environmental offending, but it nonetheless takes time before a new form of crime becomes 'self-evident' and accepted as such in the wider society.     

环境领域的公众参与:一种类型学的分析框架

环境领域中的公众参与可分为四种类型,即个人体制内参与、个人抗议型参与、群体抗议型参与和社会团体参与.它们在参与者动机、参与方式以及效果等方面都存在明显差别.社会团体和群体抗议型参与这两种类型值得重视,它们体现出当前环境参与的特点.社会团体与政府的冲突程度较弱,开始发挥政策倡导功能;群体抗议型参与的冲突程度较强,主要具有...     

环境公益诉讼原告资格比较研究与借鉴——以美国、印度和欧盟为例

我国环境公益诉讼原告资格的研究和设定应当走出"美国中心主义"的窠臼,在一个更为宽广的视野中进行比较分析.作为环境公益诉讼制度发源地的美国,其原告资格采用"事实上的损害"标准,印度则采用"充分利益"标准,欧盟的环境公益诉讼制度建立虽晚,但其发展迅速,建立了纯粹的公益诉讼制度,即将原告资格赋予与案件没有利害关系的符合一定标准的环境保护团体.我国立法应当以环境行政公益诉讼为核心,将原告资格范围局限于环境非政府组织为宜.     

浅析非政府组织在应对全球环境和气候变化问题中的作用

非政府组织在全球环境政治中日益发挥着重要的作用。从斯德哥尔摩到哥本哈根联合国环境大会,非政府组织都是应对全球环境问题与气候变化以及全球气候谈判中独立的和有价值的行为体,并且与国际政府间组织以及国家之间形成了密切的互动关系,而这种互动关系又影响和改变着全球气候谈判的进程,推动着以国家为中心的环境治理模式向多元中心的全球环境治理模式转变。与此同时,非政府组织在全球环境治理中影响的增强也给我国的环境外交提出了挑战,需要我们用新的思路来予以应对。     

中国环境立法模式的新选择——环境法法典化研究

自20世纪70年代末以来,环境法是我国发展最快的法律部门之一,逐步建立了较为完善的环境法律体系,但这一体系仍旧存在众多问题。从分析现行环境法体系的发展现状入手,针对存在的问题阐述我国环境法法典化的优势与局限,结合我国环境法治的需要,提出我国的环境立法模式应实行开放式(适度)的环境法法典化。     

环境规制降低了重污染行业的投资效率吗?

在低碳经济背景下,实现经济与环境双重目标的和谐发展至关重要。本文首次基于投资效率视角,利用投资支出与投资机会敏感性模型,分析环境规制对重污染行业的影响。研究发现,环境规制从整体上降低了重污染行业的投资效率,对非国有企业投资效率的负面影响非常显著;地方国企存在着投资规模过大的现象;是否为重污染行业、行业环境规制强度与污染排放强度三者之间整体上呈高度正相关,但仍存在着细微的差异,这种差异使中央国企在投资支出上的表现不尽相同;所在地为地方政府环境治理水平较低地区的企业,投资效率下降显著。上述结果表明,我国的经济发展与环境保护之关系并未达到波特假设的双赢局面;地方政府对地方国企的支持,使重污染行业非国有企业在环境规制中处于相对不平等地位;设计至少与污染排放强度相匹配的环境规制强度,有利于刺激高环境治理水平企业的投资;提升地方政府和企业的环境治理水平,是实现经济发展与环境治理双赢的重要途径。     

韩国对单位环境犯罪的制裁

环境犯罪与单位之间具有紧密的联系,单位环境犯罪案件造成的危害日益严重,追究单位环境犯罪问题引起了世界各国的高度重视,韩国率先成为发展经济与环保先进国家之一,这其中的原因是多方面的,但完善的环境刑事立法、特别是有关＂环境犯罪控制特别措施法案＂显然起到了积极的作用。＂环控法案＂的突出特点是引入法人刑事责任的双罚制,通过对法人加重刑罚处罚来威慑环境犯罪。