遏制污染转移应加强公众参与

政府、污染转移者和受害者的环境关系失衡是污染转移屡禁不绝的重要原因。在很多污染转移情形中,污染者面对的是弱小的受害者,政府却偏向于污染者。公众尤其是农村居民在污染预防阶段维权缺位,在污染侵害阶段维权地位不利,使环境污染态势仍在加剧。因此,要实现我国生态环境的转变,就必须改变这种不平等博弈的局面,应促进公众参与遏制污染转移,使其在污染预防阶段能够参与项目的决策,在污染侵害中能够得到相应的赔偿,形成对污染企业和地方政府的压力机制。     

从威权管制到社会治理——关于修订《大气污染防治法》的几点思考

我国《大气污染防治法》的修订正在进行之中,大气污染防治法的修订,仍存在一些有待解决的重大问题。除了基于气候变化问题对二氧化碳的规制作出回应,以及结合我国大气污染现状提出大气污染防治应引入分区管理制度外,现行《大气污染防治法》仍然呈现出以政府为主体,以污染企业为规制对象的单一化威权体制特征,其法律实施效果不佳,也不符合现代社会自我管制与和谐发展的要求。为此,需要加强市场激励机制的作用,为社会自我管制和公众参与提供条件,并基于行政责任和民事责任动因的不同,改变目前法律责任规定中重行政责任轻民事责任的现状。     

The ‘make or buy’ decision in private environmental transactions

A theoretical framework combining the two branches of TCE, i.e., the governance branch (Williamson 2005) and the measurement branch (Barzel 2005) may explain the choice of the governance structure for private environmental transactions. Four case studies, i.e., the market for pure air in polluted cities, the contractual arrangement between La Esperanza and the Monteverde Conservation League, the case of the French mineral water bottler Vittel and the case of land ownership by land trusts are briefly developed in order to support the theoretical framework. Special attention is devoted to the presence (or not) of a 3-D (defined, defended and divestible) property rights system in interaction with the juridical system (civil law vs. common law) and its influence on the way environmental property rights are likely (or not) to be re-arranged. Lessons and policy implications are drawn in order to foster research on these challenging issues.

Generational replacement and Green party support in Western Europe

Over the past decades, electoral support for Green parties has gradually increased in Western Europe, especially among young people. This begs the question whether there are systematic differences between generations in support for Green parties, and whether there are also life-cycle effects. We answer this question by separating age, period and cohort effects on Green party support using CSES data covering 40 elections in 11 Western European countries. We find that when controlling for period and age, each new generation is more supportive of the Greens than the generation before. We also find negative age effects. While Green parties can expect to benefit in the future from generational replacement, the consequences of aging societies are to their disadvantage.     

我国环境行政诉讼原告资格刍议

我国目前的环境行政诉讼制度及实践存在许多问题,原告资格狭窄是其中一个非常重要的原因。这一原因导致了环境行政起诉权严重受到限制,缩小了对环境行政行为的司法审查范围。完善之法是从对传统行政诉讼理论和制度的修正及我国国情出发,逐步放宽对环境行政诉讼原告资格和起诉权的限制。     

促进我国环境产业发展的政策取向

在加入WTO更加开放的背景下,我国超越“环保产业”的狭义内涵,发展与国际接轨的更加广义的“环境产业”已是大势所趋。环境产业是政策依赖性较强的产业,因此,必须改变我国相关政策体系对环境产业促进作用低效的现状,围绕培育环境产业市场体系和机制、扶持有效供给、拉动有效需求等,完善政策体系,提高政策的有效性。这是促进环境产业实现跨越式发展,成为我国新技术创新的动力和新的生产力增长点的重要基础。     

The state and the stray dogs in late Ottoman Istanbul: from unruly subjects to servile friends

The present article situates the systemic efforts to annihilate stray dogs within the wider picture of Ottoman modernizing reforms in the nineteenth century. The period under investigation witnessed an increasing desire on the part of the modern Ottoman state to control and reform disenfranchised human and animal groups, which were believed to jeopardize public order, security and hygiene. These groups – beggars, orphans and the unemployed – were identified as actors irreconcilable with the modern image that the reforming bureaucracy and modernizing elites sought to project. In the face of increasing challenges from European powers, they were the epitome of underdevelopment and backwardness. Ottoman elites and official authorities therefore proposed and implemented institutional measures in the form of forced labor, reformatories or deportation to reform the conditions of these groups, segregate them from the greater public and discipline them. In the modern period, along with the proposals that called for the removal of dogs, modernizing intellectuals and professionals proposed alternative plans to render non-human animals beneficial to human needs and the modern state's expectations.     

海洋命运共同体视域下东亚海域污染合作治理策略优化研究

海洋污染合作治理作为公共政策本质上是要解决不同国家或地区之间的利益冲突问题。东亚海域污染情况复杂,合作治理难度大,尽管目前已有东亚海洋协作体、东亚海环境管理伙伴关系计划等合作机制,但成效甚微。"海洋命运共同体"理念的提出,回应了多极化时代背景下全球海洋污染治理格局变化,聚合了海洋污染治理的全球共识,为解析和指导东亚海域污染合作治理问题提供了方法论。深描东亚海域污染各治理主体在合作过程中所采取的策略,揭示其行动逻辑及作用机制,深刻分析存在的问题,阐释东亚海域污染合作治理博弈产生的动因,通过经典博弈模型描述中日、日韩、不同发展程度国家间及不同利益集团间的博弈过程,能够解释东亚海域污染合作治理效果欠佳的症结所在,进而需要在"海洋命运共同体"理念指引下全面优化各治理主体行动策略,面对百年未有之大变局,为完善东亚海域污染合作治理机制提供中国方案。     

The Design of Environmental Regimes: Social Construction, Contextuality, and Improvisation

While much of the literature on environmental regimes has focused on effectiveness, this article takes a new look at a lesser-studied topic, the evolution of regime design. Understanding how regimes differ in design, and how various factors and processes shape such design, is important if we are to more carefully craft these regimes. We should also pay close attention to the formative role of social construction and context. Focusing on transboundary marine programs, we see that their designs basically follow a common template, namely that of the UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) Regional Seas Programme. However, the action of context (i.e., local actors and political processes) can modify these designs away from the common template. The extent to which these programs begin to differentiate from each other may be an important sign of program maturity and responsiveness to context. In this article, we examine a set of transboundary marine programs to uncover what the important dimensions of differentiation are. Then, we focus on one specific program, the SSME (Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion) and closely trace how its specific form and organization came about. The analysis is informed by a model of institutional coherence that portrays institutions as the product of multiple generative mechanisms (e.g., social construction, ecological fit, and others). While it is premature to make definite judgments about the relative merits of competing regime designs, the work provides us with a new mode of analysis that can provide helpful directions for institutional assessment.     

“寄居蟹的艺术”:体制内社会组织的环境适应策略——对天津市两个省级组织的个案研究

我国社会组织面临着合法性和经济资源的双重困境,并缺乏自主性,似乎是一个不争的事实。不过,对天津市两个省级体制内社会组织的个案调查,却在一定程度上发现了与之相反(而并不矛盾)的特殊事实。为了重构这两个组织获得合法性和经济资源及其一定的自主性的特殊逻辑,本文首先对组织社会学的资源依赖理论和新制度主义进行了综合分析,并建立了体制内社会组织对国家-社会的合法性与经济资源的双重依赖的分析框架;然后,重构了两个个案对国家与社会的双重依赖格局,特别是揭示了其平衡这一依赖的相关策略。缺乏社会基础的体制内社会组织凭借和利用国家的特殊合法性支持而进入到社会领域中以汲取资源的相关策略,被称为"寄居蟹的艺术"。本文作为一项个案研究,其分析有利于提出研究假设,而其结论不能直接普遍化。