Crime and Punishment in Norwegian Mid-adolescents: A Normal Population Study

Does the 'penal eye' of our society most easily catch sight of those with scant resources and lower-class backgrounds? In a national representative sample of Norwegian adolescents, we investigated the selection process to the penal system. Of the adolescents studied, 2.8% had received a penal sanction during the last year, 3.7% of the boys and 1.9% of the girls. The sanctions varied in seriousness, from a ticket fine to a prison sentence. These adolescents had much higher crime participation than other adolescents. In particular, substance-related offences were of importance. They had a high frequency of alcohol intoxication, and they often had a previous history of police contacts. No links were found to parental social class, but there was an association with parental history of unemployment. Furthermore, numerous other parental risk factors were found, such as marital breakup, low level of care, lack of monitoring and frequent alcohol intoxication. However, these factors were also associated with the development of crime. Were such extra-legal factors predictors of penal sanctions, when crime, alcohol intoxication and a previous history of police contacts were controlled for? Poor parental monitoring was the only (marginally) significant predictor. On the other hand, criminal behaviour had a highly significant effect, as early as at the lowest level of participation, and this effect increased steeply at higher levels. Alcohol had an effect, but only when the adolescents reported a rather high number of intoxication episodes. Thus, a problematic family background and small resources obviously play a role in the development of crime, but are less important as direct factors of being caught by the police and punished by the penal system. However, the subjects in our sample were still in their midteens and it might well be that development in late adolescence and young adulthood takes a different course.     

全职引进台湾教师教学效果与影响因素:基于1007份调查问卷

台湾教师在教育背景、教学理念、教学方式和教学经验等方面与大陆有很大差别。近年来,大陆部分院校逐步引进台湾全职教师,给高校发展注入新鲜血液。本文采用网络调查和现场问卷调查相结合的方法,以东南沿海高等院校曾接受台湾全职教师授课的大学生为主体,进行较全面调查与统计分析,初步了解台湾全职教师的教学效果及其基本特征与影响因素,以冀对更好辅导和提升台湾全职教师教学效果、做好台湾优秀教师引进与配套工作提供理论和政策参考,进而促进两岸关系发展、人才交流和经济社会融合提供参考。     

Aid and Performance: A Reassessment

Two visions of aid effectiveness and allocation are compared. The first, corresponding to the new aid paradigm, argues that aid is only effective if domestic policies are appropriate. The second, in contrast, argues that aid effectiveness depends on the external and climatic environment: the worse this environment, or the more vulnerable the recipient countries, the greater the effectiveness of aid. Cross-sectional econometric tests related to GDP growth on two 12-year pooled periods clearly favour the second view. The two views can be reconciled through the principle of performance-based aid allocation, where performance is defined as outcomes adjusted for the impact of environmental factors. Performance can then be measured in several manners which are subject to comparison. One approach would lead one to allocate more aid the worse the (external) environment is (for a given policy) and the better the policy is (for a given environment).     

党内法规执行机制研究

中国共产党的党内法规执行包含理论和实践双重探索,但我国理论界对党内法规的执行机制却少有提及。本文尝试对十八大后党规执行机制模式进行梳理,党委党组全面领导,贯彻于党规执行;纪委保障党规执行,对违反党规行为予以处理;党的职能部门具体履行党规执行;党的基层组织通过党建方式推动党规执行。     

印度在缅甸的战略利益、战略举措及制约因素

缅甸在印度的对外战略考虑中具有重要的地位：油气资源的重要来源、进入东南亚的陆上通道、抗衡中国影响力的前沿阵地、提高地区影响力的重要平台和应对东北部反政府武装的合作伙伴。为了实现这些利益,印度采取了一系列措施,包括政治措施、经济措施和安全措施等。但是印度在缅甸的战略利益仍然受到很多因素的影响,印度要实现这些利益还有很长的路要走。     

公务员创新行为:文献述评与研究展望

创新行为俨然成为公务员适应新时代高素质干部队伍建设要求的典型行为模式,以及公共部门适应职能转变和服务再造要求的内生动力。本研究基于对已有研究的系统梳理与深入分析,构建了一个系统的公务员创新行为研究框架。本研究从公私部门成员创新行为差异及争议切入,围绕公务员创新行为的概念内涵、多层次影响因素及复杂作用机制进行系统回顾并展开评述,呈现新制度主义理论、自我决定理论等在公务员创新行为塑造中的深层逻辑。在此基础上,本研究展望未来方向:(1)以回应跨国文化背景、科层制组织特征、现实工作场景实现公务员创新的情境化研究;(2)在新时代中国场景中实现公务员创新行为的量表开发、跨层次系统性形成机理探索;(3)拓展公务员创新行为的效能机制研究,实现微观层面行为创新与中观层面组织创新、宏观层面政策创新的呼应衔接。     

经济学中两个易引起困惑的基本概念的解析

需求和需求量是经济学中两个不同的概念。在需求理论中,同样一些因素,有的人把它们称作“影响需求的因素”,有的人则称为“影响需求量的因素”。这不仅会让人感到困惑,而且还会影响到对“需求量的变动”和“需求的变动”概念的理解。要解决学习需求理论时会遇到的这两个前后有联系的问题,需要我们从需求数量变动和需求函数关系变动两个角度去进行分析。     

强硬立法应对暴力袭警问题探析

暴力袭警是当前我国面临的一个重要问题,暴力袭警是指人民警察在依法执行公务的过程中,民众公然向民警侮辱、挑衅、示威、施暴等各种阻碍警察职务的不法行为,暴力袭警频发的因素有:法制因素、公众因素、公安机关内部因素和民警自身因素,笔者认为公安机关应适应社会形势变化,通过借鉴西方警察权益保障机制机会,强硬立法,规范警察维权组织等举措应对袭警。     

论孙子的国家安全观

孙子的国家安全观主要包含以下几方面内容 :1、重战、慎战、备战思想 ,体现了孙子“安国全军”的国家安全意识 ;2、涉及国家政治、经济、自然环境、将帅素质、法令制度等诸方面的“经五校七” ,体现了孙子的综合国家安全观 ;3、“兵以利动”的唯利原则是孙子国家安全观的出发点 ;4、运用“伐谋、伐交”和“威加于敌”等手段 ,达到“不战而屈人之兵”的“全胜” ,是维护国家安全的最佳选择。