Reconsidering strain theory: Operationalization,rival theories,and adult criminality

Recently a revisionist view of strain theory's empirical adequacy has emerged which holds that the theory's explanatory power depends on how it is operationalized. With an adult community sample, we empirically assess three separate measures of strain to explain self-reported crime: the gap between aspirations and expectations, blocked opportunities, and relative deprivation. The findings reveal that the aspirations-expectations measure is not related to criminal involvement, while perceived blocked opportunities and feelings of relative deprivation significantly affect adult offending. These relationships, however, fail to persist after measures from competing theories (i.e., low self-control, differential association, and social bond) are introduced as controls in the regression equations. Thus, measures from rival theories offer a more fruitful approach to explaining self-reported adult offending.A version of this paper was presented at the 1993 American Society of Criminology meetings, Phoenix, Arizona.     

未成年人犯罪非监禁化理念与实现

监禁处遇对于未成年犯罪人而言更意味着消极性,而不是积极性。对于未成年犯罪人尽量避免监禁,已经成为各国少年司法制度共同的理念。非监禁化应当包括三个紧密联系的环节:市前的非监禁化、刑罚选择(量刑)的非监禁化(包括监禁刑的避免适用和虚置)、刑罚执行的非监禁化(行刑社会化)。实现未成年犯罪人非监禁化理念应当推行转处制度;建立健全少年保释制度,提高未成年人取保候审率;尽量适用非刑罚处理方法和非监禁刑,提高缓刑适用率;行刑社会化,开展社区矫正。在推行未成年犯罪人非监禁化理念改革中,应当完善风险评估与责任制度,完善非监禁化的社会支持系统。     

社会性因素对成人教育的影响及对策

改革开放20多年来,社会性因素如科技进步、加入WTO、人口因素等使传统教育观念受到冲击,成人教育需求增加。为此,必须建立系统化、网络化的成人教育体系,调整重心,拓宽服务范围,促进成人教育向多元化、多样化的方向发展。     

网络教育是成人教育的加速器

网络教育已经成为普通高校的一个重要组成部分,但成人教育却少有问津。其实,这个认识上的误区直接影响了网络教育的发展和成人教育的提高。正确认识这个问题并采取相关政策后,网络教育必将成为成人教育的有利武器。     

DRUG USE AND DESISTANCE PROCESSES

Sampson and Laub's age‐graded theory of informal social control emphasizes the importance of adult social bonds such as marriage and stable employment in redirecting behavior in a more prosocial direction. Heavy alcohol use has also been shown to influence persistent patterns of offending as well as more episodic offending across the life course. Sampson and Laub's life‐course theory emphasizes the negative impact of alcohol use on marital and employment bonds. Although alcohol has indeed been shown to have significant effects on criminal offending, we argue that drug use and the drug culture in which many contemporary offenders are enmeshed have consequences that often complicate desistance processes in ways that alcohol does not. Drug use and its lifestyle concomitants bring together a host of distinctive social dynamics that compromise multiple life domains. The current project investigates the role of drug use on desistance processes relying on a contemporary sample of previously institutionalized youth. We draw on three waves of data from the Ohio life‐course study, a project that spans some 21 years. The results support the assertion that drug use exerts unique effects on desistance processes, once levels of alcohol use are taken into account. We investigate possible mechanisms that help to explain the differential impact of drug use on offending and find that social network effects, particularly partner criminality, explain some but not all of the negative impact of drug use on life‐course patterns of criminal offending.     

高等教育大众化与我国成人高等教育质量的提高

在大众化背景下,成人高等教育质量观发生了变化。成人高等教育质量的评价标准包括:正确的培养目标和科学的评价标准,社会效益与经济效益并重,优良的教学质量,主动适应社会经济和办学市场发展需要,高效的管理体制和良好的发展机制。要改进和提高成人高等教育的质量,应转变教育观念,突出成人教育特色;提供多元化的办学服务,建立多样化的质量评价体系;与时俱进,树立发展的质量观。     

成人高校教材建设中存在的问题及其对策

北京地区成人高校的教材建设工作取得了很大的成绩,也存在一些问题,最突出的三个问题是教材不能适合素质教育的需要、教材编写队伍对于素质教育的认识不足、教材建设管理尚处于开创状态。应通过设立负责北京地区高等学校教材建设宏观指导工作的专门机构、推进教材的内容建设、建立高质量教材编写的激励机制、鼓励高等学校联合编写高质量的教材、引进国外先进的教材、建立教材质量的评价机制和高质量教材的推广机制、建立教材建设资金的滚动发展机制等措施加以解决。     

高效液相色谱法相对保留时间和峰高比在毒物筛选中的应用

本文用高效液相色谱法相对保留时间、２３０ｎｍ和２５０ｎｍ两个紫外检测的峰高比、荧光和２５０ｎｍ紫外检测的峰高比三个指标相结合对毒物进行筛选，３７种毒物区分率由单用保留时间区分的２４．３％提高到９４．６％，文中还考察了各种因素对相对保留时间和峰高比的影响。     

书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹检验

目的研究书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹的检验方法。方法通过实例研究分析成年人笔迹变化的特点和原因,确定笔迹性质和检验方法。结果书写习惯未定型也是成年人笔迹变化的重要原因。书写习惯未定型成年人笔迹是成年人正常笔迹的例外,适用正常笔迹检验方法。结论本研究确立了检材笔迹与样本笔迹非本质差异的判断标准,适用于短时间内变化较大的成年人笔迹的同一认定。     

CHANGES IN FRIENDSHIP RELATIONS OVER THE LIFE COURSE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DESISTANCE FROM CRIME*

We analyze life history narratives and structured data derived from a study of serious female and male offenders interviewed when incarcerated as adolescents and followed up thirteen years later. We highlight shifts in the influence of friends and in the nature of friendship choices, and suggest how these changes can facilitate desistance processes. While key events (e.g., marriage) are important to an understanding of such changes, shifts in the actor's perspective and identity are also integral to the process of making successful network realignments. Similarities and differences by gender in the effects of adult social influence processes are also examined.