Executive action to combat the rise of drug-resistant bacteria: is agricultural antibiotic use sufficiently addressed?

On September 18, 2014, President Barack Obama issued an Executive Order titled Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. The order demands a ‘strategic, coordinated, and sustained effort’ to detect, prevent, and control antibiotic resistance. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), antibiotic-resistant infections are a rising health concern that result in at least two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths each year in the United States. The Executive Order and accompanying documents have been criticized for taking a weak stance against the use of antibiotics in agriculture; however, they include goals to promote antibiotic stewardship on farms, better surveillance of antibiotic use, and the development of alternatives to antibiotics. The criticisms are also unwarranted based on the current state of scientific evidence; nevertheless, there remain compelling reasons to limit the use of antibiotics in agriculture, and if fully implemented, the executive action is set to achieve this goal. This paper will explore why the criticisms are unwarranted, present the conflicting evidence on whether antibiotic use in farm animals poses a significant health threat to humans, offer other reasons to limit the use of antibiotics in livestock, and suggest ways that the government can maximize the efficacy of the proposed actions.     

高职院校行政人员激励现状研究——以内蒙古S高职为例

高职教育是我国高等教育的重要组成部分,经过20多年的发展,近几年呈现出良好的发展势头并取得了显著的成绩。以内蒙古S高职院校为例,我们要根据高职院校自身的特点,积极地、深入地去研究和探讨高职院校行政人员的激励现状,建立更加合理的激励机制。     

公权力优位文化对我国检察制度改革的影响

公权力优位是中国权力文化的特点之一。尽管当代社会在生产方式、社会结构及伦理基础方面均发生实质性变迁,但公权力优位的传统文化至今仍然深刻禁锢并影响着现代人特别是广大官员的思维模式、行为习惯和交往方式。比如过度适用刑法解决民事行政事务、“官本位”思想及公权力过度介入市民社会等都是典型例证。当前,检察制度改革应当以公权力优位传统文化为突破口,在刑事诉讼中要注意宽缓刑事政策的适用和加强人权保障;要进一步强化检察机关对职务犯罪的侦查权力;进一步拓展和加强检察机关对行政权的检察监督,把行政权力“装进”制度的“铁笼里”。     

Going beyond the Roman dictator: a comprehensive approach to emergency rule,with evidence from Latin America

The aim of this article is to contribute to the debate on emergency rule, a practice that democratic theory has struggled to conceptualize. Accordingly, this article differs from existing approaches, which mainly focus on the constitutional design of regimes of exception and tend to identify the institution of the Roman dictator as their source. In contrast, we offer a comprehensive approach, considering other historical sources of emergency rule, going beyond the dichotomy of constitutional and de facto emergency, and focusing specifically on the types of emergency powers involved: executive, legislative and judicial. We propose a different way of conceptualizing emergency rule, following a political rather than a constitutional logic, and we illustrate this different conceptualization by offering evidence from Bolivia, Chile and Guatemala to demonstrate how this comprehensive approach works in practice.     

行政权的边界意识及其法律培植研究

行政权边界意识以哲学上的意识和边界意识为认识前提,以行政权本身为成立和运行载体,由行政权的执行者在头脑中形成与刻意.行政权边界意识的主要范畴主要包括：行政权与公民权的边界意识、行政权与共同公权力的边界意识、行政权的时空边界意识、行政责任与社会责任的边界意识.行政权边界意识的观念提升,宪法、法律以及判例对行政权与公民权边界的明确,公民权利意识对行政权边界意识的反致作用,是行政权与公民权边界意识的法律培植.而行政权与立法权、司法权边界意识以各自的权限为基本意识架构,在责任上,禁止行政责任之社会责任化承担.     

重作判决的立法思考与司法适用——以行政权和司法权的关系为视角

本文认为,行政权和司法权是分工合作、监督制约的关系,两者关系的定位是重作判决立法的重要考量,亦应是重作判决司法适用的判断依归.人民法院在厘清两者关系的同时,应充分发挥司法能动性,加强对行政权的监督和制约,注重行政诉讼重作判决的适法统一.     

Committees and Legislative Strengthening: The Growing Influence of Committees in Ukraine's Legislative Process

The Ukrainian legislature is in the process of transforming from a ‘rubber stamp’ institution of the Soviet type into an ‘institution that matters’ in a new democratic state. The practice of democratic institution building in the post-Soviet countries presents multiple examples of powerful executives who gained dominance in legislative processes. What path has Ukraine taken and what can explain its specific characteristics? This article charts the growth of committees here as a marker of legislative institutionalisation in Ukraine. The study finds that Ukrainian legislative committees defy prevalent regional trends and, contrary to expectations, have asserted independent roles. It then discusses factors that may account for this unique regional development – the role of a dual executive structure and the Ukraine party system.     

Analysing Local Policy Agendas: How Dutch Municipal Executive Coalitions Allocate Attention

Abstract

This article provides an analysis of the allocation of attention to policy problems on the local level, focusing on the executive agenda of six municipalities in the Netherlands over a 25-year period. It reveals that there is specifically a local politics of attention, showing differences between national and local policy agendas in specific policy areas. We did not find evidence that the political composition of the local executive coalitions leads to agenda differences, revealing the more problem-oriented and pragmatic nature of local politics. We did find evidence of an effect of institutional arrangements between national and local government on shifting patterns of attention, such as due to decentralisation. This shows that the local politics of attention is limited in scope and conditioned by the functions of local government and the institutional arrangements of policy making in the Dutch decentralised unitary state and that rearrangements affect these patterns of attention.     

英国执行机构改革及其对我们的启示

英国执行机构改革的国际地位及其当前在我国产生的影响使其备受瞩目。本文对执行机构改革背景及针对的问题、执行机构体现出的组织模式多样化原则、执行机构的管理体制、执行机构的改革趋势等进行系统描述讨论。其目的在于阐明 :执行机构改革的核心理念是机构类型和组织模式的多样化 ,其性质是一场管理革命而非机构的革命。在此基础上 ,就英国执行机构改革对我国的启迪提出一些个人看法。     

森林公安警务执法特征及战术处置研究

由于森林公安机关与地方公安机关的执法职能和分工不同,决定了森林公安民警的执法特征及战术要求具有自身的特殊性。因此,对森林公安民警在警务执法活动中提出了更高的要求,即:从警务查缉战术角度分析和研究其规律特点,有利于森林公安民警掌握与之相应的战术处置方法,更好地履行森林公安民警的执法职责。