网络犯罪的原因及对策

人类已进入信息社会,在信息技术、信息产业突飞猛进的同时,网络空间的计算机犯罪案件每年以几倍或几十倍速度增加,造成的损害远大于现实空间的犯罪。因此,防止网络犯罪显得十分重要。     

Developmental Validation of the ANDE 6C System for Rapid DNA Analysis of Forensic Casework and DVI Samples

A developmental validation was performed to demonstrate reliability, reproducibility, and robustness of the ANDE Rapid DNA Identification System for processing of crime scene and disaster victim identification (DVI) samples. A total of 1705 samples were evaluated, including blood, oral epithelial samples from drinking containers, samples on FTA and untreated paper, semen, bone, and soft tissues. This study was conducted to address the FBI’s Quality Assurance Standards on developmental validation and to accumulate data from a sufficient number of unique donors and sample types to meet NDIS submission requirements for acceptance of the ANDE Expert System for casework use. To date, no Expert System has been approved for such samples, but the results of this study demonstrated that the automated Expert System performs similarly to conventional laboratory data analysis. Furthermore, Rapid DNA analysis demonstrated accuracy, precision, resolution, concordance, and reproducibility that were comparable to conventional processing along with appropriate species specificity, limit of detection, performance in the presence of inhibitors. No lane-to-lane or run-to-run contamination was observed, and the system correctly identified the presence of mixtures. Taken together, the ANDE instrument, I-Chip consumable, FlexPlex chemistry (a 27-locus STR assay compatible with all widely used global loci, including the CODIS core 20 loci), and automated Expert System successfully processed and interpreted more than 1200 unique samples with over 99.99% concordant CODIS alleles. This extensive developmental validation data provides support for broad use of the system by agencies and accredited forensic laboratories in single-source suspect-evidence comparisons, local database searches, and DVI.     

Memory, Empathy, and the Politics of Identification

This essay explores the ethical and political dimensions of what I have elsewhere called “prosthetic memories” (Landsberg, Prosthetic memory: The transformation of American remembrance in the age of mass culture, Harvard University Press, 2004), focusing on those that are produced and disseminated cinematically. I argue that cinematic technology, by which I mean also to include the dominant cinematic conventions and practices used in the Hollywood style of filmmaking, is an effective means for structuring vision. Through specific techniques of shooting and editing, films attempt to position the viewer in highly specific ways in relation to the unfolding narrative. Sometimes, in such films, viewers are brought into intimate contact with a set of experiences that fall well outside of their own lived experience and, as a result, are forced to look as if through someone else’s eyes, and asked to remember those situations and events as both meaningful and potentially formative. By engaging specific strategies intended to elicit identification, films can force viewers to engage both intellectually and emotionally with another who is radically different from him or herself. This complicated form of identification across difference might condition viewers to see and think in ways that could foster more radical forms of democracy aimed at advancing egalitarian social goals.

金钱白花蛇的微性状鉴别

目的 对目前药材市场上流通的金钱白花蛇及其伪品进行鉴别。 方法 利用性状鉴别法对金钱白花蛇及伪品进行性状鉴别,利用微性状鉴别法对金钱白花蛇及伪品的鳞片特征进行鉴别。 结果 4个样品中,仅一种样品为金钱白花蛇,其他3种样品为赤练蛇,其中2种样品为黑漆染色的赤练蛇。 结论 微性状鉴别法可以用于金钱白花蛇的真伪鉴别,市场上流通的金钱白花蛇造假严重,危及患者用药安全。     

不同生长时期凤丹内生真菌的分离鉴定及多样性研究

目的 对不同生长时期凤丹根皮内生真菌进行分离鉴定。方法 运用组织分离法进行分离,采用形态学与分子生物学相结合的手段进行鉴定。结果 共得到内生真菌45株,分属于9属13种,其中枯萎期4属4种,分别为Fusarium Keratoplasticum、Myrotheeium prestonii、Septoriella phragmitis、Cosmospora cymosa,相对分离频率为40%。花期6属9种,分别为Fusarium acutatum、Fusarium circinatum、Fusarium fujikuroi、Alternaria alternata、Alternaria arborescens、Climacocystis montana、Pyrenochaeta lycopersici、Penicillium crustosum、Rhexocercosporidium panacis,相对分离频率为60%。结论 凤丹根皮中内生真菌组成丰富,且在不同生长时期其种类组成具有多样性。     

论串通投标案件中嫌疑人的认定与侦查对策

招标、投标作为一项新的经济制度引入我国后,产生了一定的积极作用,但也暴露出一些问题。在此类犯罪案件的侦查过程中,嫌疑人的认定是一个难点。公安机关应认真调查投标价格、标底、标价制定的过程,准确认定犯罪嫌疑人,并采取有针对性的侦查对策,遏制此类案件的发生和发展。     

A novel multiplex assay system based on 10 methylation markers for forensic identification of body fluids

Identifying the source of body fluids found at a crime scene is an essential forensic step. Some methods based on DNA methylation played significant role in body fluids identification. Since DNA methylation is related to multiple factors, such as race, age, and diseases, it is necessary to know the methylation profile of a given population. In this study, we tested 19 body fluid-specific methylation markers in a Chinese Han population. A novel multiplex assay system based on the selected markers with smaller variation in methylation and stronger tissue-specific methylation were developed for the identification of body fluids. The multiplex assay were tested in 265 body fluid samples. A random forest model was established to predict the tissue source based on the methylation data of the 10 markers. The multiplex assay was evaluated by testing the sensitivity, the mixtures, and old samples. For the result, the novel multiplex assay based on 10 selected methylation markers presented good methylation profiles in all tested samples. The random forest model worked extremely well in predicting the source of body fluids, with an accuracy of 100% and 97.5% in training data and test data, respectively. The multiplex assay could accurately predict the tissue source from 0.5 ng genomic DNA, six-months-old samples and distinguish the minor component from a mixture of two components. Our results indicated that the methylation multiplex assay and the random forest model could provide a convenient tool for forensic practitioners in body fluid identification.     

Research note: evidence for moving to an 84-person photo lineup

The traditional six-to-ten person lineup is known to be extremely unreliable. Witnesses who choose someone when the suspect is innocent are too likely to choose that suspect. One solution is to enlarge the lineup in a manner that reduces mistaken identification far more than it lowers correct identification of the culprit. This experiment was built on past research, and it displayed to witnesses lineups consisting of sets of 12 photographs in an album, either two sets (24 photos) or seven sets (84 photos). No difference was found between witnesses for the 24-person lineup or the 84-person lineup in either their ability to identify the target whom they had seen previously, or in the number of mistaken choices of someone in lineups where the target was absent. Since the chance that the witness might mistakenly identify the suspect is far less in the 84-person lineup, lineups should consist of at least that number.

权利的另一个成本:国家认证及其西方经验

国家认证的西方经验表明,认证是权利的另一种成本,是建构良好的法治和治理秩序的必要条件,是一项政府应该提供的公共物品。国家认证的公共性,体现在它几乎是所有国家制度的前提,因此堪称国家治理体系的"基础的基础"。在建设法治国家、税收国家、福利国家和监管国家的过程中,现代国家需要不断增强其认证能力,让多数人进入认证体系,从而加快国家基本制度建设的进程,提升法律与政策的有效性,最大限度地降低国家沟通国民的中间成本,逐步实现关注绝大多数人的期望并为绝大多数人服务的良治状态。认证这种"治理术"在发达国家的制度化和例行化,应当为追求民主法治的人们所正视。     

Schmorl's nodes in an American military population: frequency, formation, and etiology

This research investigates the frequency of Schmorl's nodes in differing populations, with new data from a skeletal sample from the Central Identification Laboratory (CIL) at the Joint Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Accounting Command, while also reviewing the etiology of Schmorl's node formation. Processes implicated in Schmorl's node formation include trauma, old age, disease, intrinsic abnormalities, and biomechanical factors, and they correlate with Schmorl's node formation to varying degrees. A survey of research from the anthropology and medical literature revealed Schmorl's node population frequencies ranging from 8 to 80%. The current study consists of two samples, one derived from CIL case reports and one analyzing skeletal remains. The case report sample yielded a Schmorl's node frequency of 19.8%. The examined sample yielded a frequency of 73.7%. The disparate frequencies reported are likely due mainly to differences in completeness and observability. It is likely that trauma was a major factor in the formation of Schmorl's nodes in the CIL study.