同一认定视角下侦查错案的成因与防范对策

侦查阶段错案产生的原因很多,当前理论界和实务界都在积极地从各种不同的角度探索避免或减少错案的对策。侦查破案的过程实际上就是一个同一认定的过程,同一认定出现错误会直接影响侦查结论,致使侦查错案的发生。因此,需要从同一认定这个角度来考察侦查错案产生的原因,并试图从加强信息化基础建设、规范物证鉴定、完善证据体系等方面提出防范错案的相关对策。在同一认定视角下对侦查错案进行研究会有更直观的现实意义。     

A large study evaluation of evidence types containing offender fingerprints from recorded crimes in North Macedonia from 2005 to 2015

The Forensic Institute of the Republic of North Macedonia data set of 1,982 offender fingerprint identifications contributing to a conviction for crimes against property, was evaluated and analysed using contingency table statistical analysis techniques, chi-square test, fisher’s exact test and post hoc analysis. The data set was based on the forensic and court information available from 2005 to 2015 and pertained to the location, property type and evidence type. Interpretation of the data identified glass components, doors, windows, points of entry, cardboard and other packaging to be the most likely areas for locating offender fingerprints in non-residential and residential properties. In vehicle-based crimes, the front area (both left- and right-hand side) was the most likely to yield offender fingerprints.This study reinforced the types of evidential items at property based crime scenes yielding offender fingerprints. In addition, the study seeks to provide recommendations for future data collection to enhance the data analysis and interpretation.     

专家证人模式与司法鉴定模式之比较

专家证人模式与司法鉴定模式是英美法系和大陆法系在解决专门性事实问题上两种不同的模式。两者在法律文化基础、有关专家的诉讼地位和资格、程序启动、质证、证据能力和证明力上都有很大的不同。然而,由于两种模式都存在其固有的缺陷,近年来各国都在进行相应的改革,出现了相互融合和借鉴的趋势。     

Procedural Justice and Identification with Virtual Teams: The Moderating Role of Face-to-Face Meetings and Geographical Dispersion

We investigated the previously unstudied relationship between procedural justice and identification within virtual teams, with a particular focus on how two features of virtual teams, namely frequency of face-to-face meetings and geographical dispersion, moderate that relationship. We argue that these two variables are sources of uncertainty, which in turn makes virtual team members more sensitive to perceptions of procedural fairness as essential cues in the identification process. In this study, we used cross-sectional survey methodology and data aggregated to the team level (N = 39). As predicted, our results showed that the link between procedural justice and identification was stronger when there were few face-to-face meetings and when teams were highly dispersed.     

High-throughput DNA sequencing of environmentally insulted latent fingerprints after visualization with nanoscale columnar-thin-film technique

The goals of this study were to (a) ascertain human identity capabilities of DNA obtained from latent fingerprints that have been first environmentally insulted and then developed by the deposition of a columnar thin film (CTF), and (b) to determine if the CTF process and material are detrimental to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Fingerprints were deposited on five different types of substrates and aged for one day, 7 days or 30 days while being environmentally insulted under one of the four conditions: 16.6 °C and 60% relative humidity (RH) (Condition A), 24.5 °C and 60% RH (Condition B), 35 °C and 67% RH (Condition C) and a cold condition (Condition D). Then CTF technique was then on 59% of these fingerprints. DNA samples from 805 fingerprints were extracted, quantified, subjected to manual library preparation using the Precision ID Identity Panel, and underwent high-throughput sequencing. The Ion S5™ platform was employed to sequence 124 SNP amplicons. SNPs were successfully sequenced from 802/805 samples. Total read depth was consistent across environmental conditions, and majority of samples had 100% profile completeness and 100% concordance. Anecdotally, libraries that were amplified with a higher cycle number had more ‘Major Allele Frequency’ flags compared to samples amplified with 23 cycle numbers, possibly due to stochastic effects. Neither the substrates nor the CTF process and materials inhibit downstream DNA analysis. DNA of low quality and quantity from the chosen samples can be sequenced using the Precision ID Identity Panel on the Ion S5™ platform which performed well, however, a different approach may be needed if spurious alleles are suspected.     

Interpretation,confidence and application of the standardised terms: Identified,Probable, Possible,Exclude and Insufficient in forensic odontology identification

Forensic odontology identification scales are used to express certainty of identifications of deceased persons. These standardized scales are assumed to convey unambiguous expert opinions and facilitate communication between forensic odontologists and end users. However, to date no studies have investigated how the experts interpret and use these scales.Forensic odontology identification scales are used to express certainty of identifications of deceased persons. These standardized scales are assumed to convey unambiguous expert opinions and facilitate communication between forensic odontologists and end users. However, to date no studies have investigated how the experts interpret and use these scales.This paper aims to examine the interpretation of the DVISYS forensic identification scale and choices of the levels in the scale subsequent to, and derived from, comparison of pairs of dental radiographs by extending the analysis of the data collected in the study by Page and Lain et. al. 2017.The studied variables: self-reported confidence, forced binary decision of match and non-match, choice of level in the DVISYS scale (Identified, Probable, Possible, Insufficient and Exclude) were further analysed in this study using mixed models for relationships between the choices of level in the identification scale and the fundamental beliefs of likelihood of identification.The results of this further analysis showed that the reported confidence of the decisions was correlated to the difficulty of cases, and as confidence decreased the use of less definitive terms (‘Probable’, ‘Possible’ and ‘Insufficient’) increased. ‘Probable’ and ‘Possible’ were used mainly in underlying beliefs below that of ‘Identified’ whereas ‘Insufficient’ was used mainly to convey a sublevel of ‘Exclude’. The use of ‘Insufficient’ in this study was not consistent with the prescribed definition of the term.The participants of the original study were not aware of the difficulty grading of the cases nor were required to grade them, however the reported confidence was systematically correlated to difficulty. Furthermore, indicated confidence level was correlated with choice of level on the scale in general, but the interpretation of the definition and application of the terms varied.The findings reported here contribute to the foundational knowledge of factors governing the interpretation and application of the DVISYS forensic odontology identification scale and suggest that this scale may need to be modified.     

Solving the legal challenges of trustworthy online identity

Digital identity management is fundamental to the further development of the Internet economy. It is a foundational requirement for most substantive e-commerce transactions and other online activities.     

量子点的制备方法及在指纹检测中的应用现状

量子点是一种由II—VI族或III—V族元素组成的15nm以下纳米颗粒,因发射光谱颜色可调、荧光量子产率高、荧光发光稳定,寿命长的而被广泛应用于生物医学,荧光成像等领域。量子点的制备方法是有机金属合成法、水相合成法。因量子点的特性,荧光量子点材料在汗手印、血手印的检测中得到广泛应用。将荧光量子点材料应用于潜在手印显现是当今指纹技术的发展趋势之一,具有广阔的发展前景。     

社会工作专业学生认同感的培养初探

由于专业外在发展环境和内在教育状况的影响，社会工作专业的学生对所学专业认同感比较低。这种状况制约着教育目的的实现和学生学习质量的提高。为了培养学生的专业认同感，教师既要努力提高专业的社会认同度和职业化程度，又要提高教学质量，增进学生对专业的工具性价值的了解。     

基于车牌识别的交通流结构分析

交通流是交通需求在有限的时间与空间上集散现象。传统的交通流理论以流量、速度、密度这三个基本参数作为交通信息采集对象，存在信息种类少，分析手段单一等不足。以车牌号作为唯一标识，应用先进的电子信息技术采集动态的交通流信息，并结合静态的车辆档案数据，可以更全面、更精准、更深入地掌握交通流结构和规律，是对传统交通流采集方法的一次革命。