The effectiveness of forensic evidence in the investigation of volume crime scenes

This study investigates the effectiveness of forensic evidence in UK volume crime investigations. The main aim was to identify characteristics of forensic evidence that influence its effectiveness in converting detections into criminal charges, as well as to critically consider the effectiveness of a recent service level agreement (SLA) implemented by Wiltshire Police, which aimed at reducing CSI attendance. The sample consisted of 445 police recorded cases received from Wiltshire Police. Presence or absence and location-related characteristics of fingerprint, DNA, and footwear evidence were evaluated on the effectiveness of forensic evidence and examined within the contexts of different volume crimes. Results showed a high level of correlation in converting detections into criminal charges where the presence of DNA, footwear, and multiple evidence types was recorded; and a positive correlation between forensic evidence ineffectiveness and presence of fingerprints, particularly in residential burglaries. Differences between individual offence types were expressed. The most prominent feature influencing the effectiveness of forensic evidence was found to be related to the movability of the exhibit associated with the recovered evidence, with DNA recovered from non-movable items presenting the strongest effectiveness. Cases processed after the implementation of the SLA did not show significant differences in forensic evidence effectiveness as compared to cases processed prior to the SLA, however, they demonstrated a lack in effectiveness of DNA evidence. The findings of the current research provide a better understanding of the contextual influences on the potential of forensic evidence and can support improvement of crime scene screening and CSI resource deployment.     

何首乌饮片及其伪品黄药子的生药鉴别

目的：了解何首乌饮片与其伪品的生药鉴别。方法：对何首乌饮片与其伪品黄药子饮片进行性状及显微鉴别。结果：何首乌饮片与其伪品的外观性状及显微结构区别明显。     

国家的现代化路径与中产阶级的类型

中产阶级不仅是一种财产状况和财产关系,也是一种文化现象,不仅是一个现实问题,也是一种历史现象。离开对中产阶级形成和发展的历史条件的观察,就无法正确认识中产阶级的作用。中产阶级的作用是由其产生和发展的历史环境决定的,对中产阶级类型进行研究,只能从中产阶级产生的历史环境入手。由于各个国家历史环境的巨大差别,中产阶级在各个国家的作用并不完全相同。     

伪造彩票的手法及识别

我国现阶段发行的彩票主要有即开型和摇奖型两类。伪造彩票所用的手法主要是挖补法和涂改法。对此 ,我们可以综合运用肉眼观察法、显微观察法、紫外线检验法、红外线检验法、密码核对法等方法检验     

Analytical pyrolysis of Streptococcus saliivarius as and aid to identification in bite-mark investigation

The use of pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) and statistical analysis of mass spectra is introduced as a method for “finger-printing” strains of Streptococcus salivarius. The objective is to provide correlative evidence regarding the identity of suspects in cases of assault or rape involving bite-marks. The results of the analysis of isolates from two individuals are presented, illustrating the differentiation of S. salivarius at strain level according to the origin of the isolate.     

Fingerprint comparison evidence has been under sustained attack in the United States of America for the last number of years: Is the critique with regard to reliability sufficiently penetrating to warrant the exclusion of this valuable evidence?

The decision in Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals 509 US 579 (1993) brought about renewed attention to and scrutiny of fingerprint comparison evidence in the United States of America. In terms of the decision courts were to act as the gatekeepers with respect to the admissibility of scientific expert evidence. This article describes these events and investigates the grounds upon which challenges were made to fingerprint comparison evidence in the courts, as well as the position that was taken by the courts. The article also considers the fundamental test for the admission of expert evidence, and whether the critique pointed out by the defendants in the cases with regard to reliability are sufficiently penetrating to warrant the exclusion of fingerprint comparison evidence.     

缅甸华人母语认同代际差异及成因

缅甸华人母语认同代际差异表现在语言选择、语言水平、语言学习时段及途径、语言规划、对下一代的语言期望等五方面,并各具特点。其形成原因主要有:不同年龄段华裔的生存背景不同,导致母语学习需求和动机不同;家庭和学校教育在各时代发挥的母语传承作用不同,进而形成的母语认同模式不同;不同时期国家语言政策的指挥效用也不同。研究华人母语认同状况,应探求母语认同模式,充分发挥家庭教育与学校教育的配合作用;客观看待语言认同带来的民族认同新变化,利用地缘优势,为缅甸国内稳定的华文教育政策营造良好周边环境。多元文化背景下,海外华人母语与居住国通用语是可以共存并和谐发展的。     

A Comparison of Dental Chartings Performed at the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory and the Kokura Central Identification Unit on Remains Identified from the Korean War

During the Korean War, the Office of the Quartermaster General's Graves Registration Service (GRS) was responsible for the recovery, processing, identification, and repatriation of US remains. In January 1951, the GRS established a Central Identification Unit (CIU) at Kokura, Japan. At the Kokura CIU, postmortem dental examinations were performed by the dental technicians. Thirty‐nine postmortem dental examinations performed at the CIU were compared to the findings documented in the Forensic Odontology Reports written at the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory (CIL). Differences were noted in 20 comparisons (51%). The majority of the discrepancies was considered negligible and would not alter the JPAC decision to disinter a set of unknown remains. Charting discrepancies that were considered significant included the occasional failure of the Kokura technicians to identify teeth with inter‐proximal or esthetic restorations and the misidentification of a mechanically prepared tooth (i.e., tooth prepared for a restoration) as a carious surface.     

联合应用多个DNA位点进行尸源鉴定

目的 研究联合应用多个ＤＮＡ位点在尸源鉴定方面的应用价值。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离及银染显带的方法通过对无名尸休的有关检材与可疑双亲或子女进行亲权鉴定。结果 在８０例刑事案件尸源鉴定中,３８例无名尸体采用较新鲜肌肉,通过扩增ＶＮＴＲ、ＳＴＲ多个位点得以判明尸源;２９例采用腐败肌肉、６例采用骨骼和２例采用牙齿,通过扩增多个ＳＴＲ位点判明了尸源。仅有１例采用腐败肌肉、２