李大钊思想的变迁与马克思主义的传播

考察了李大钊留学期间接触日本的社会主义思潮后思想变迁的轨迹,探讨了五四前后李大钊是如何将这一科学理论传播到中国先进知识分子和民众之中的,又是如何同非马克思主义思潮进行争论的,分析了李大钊早期传播的理论特色和主要内容。     

Turning ex-combatants into Sadris: explaining the emergence of the Mahdi Army

This article sets out to explain how the Sadrist movement targeted ex-combatant communities in their communication strategy to mobilize the Mahdi Army. The Mahdi Army was established by the Sadrist movement under the guidance of Muqtada al-Sadr in 2003. This article proposes that post-2003 Iraq experienced a demobilisation crisis, fostering segments of ex-combatant communities whose ingrained repertoires were prone to paramilitarisation. Contrary to many other paramilitary organisations around the world, the Mahdi Army was formalized through a bottom-up process by non-state actors, and only at a later stage was the Mahdi Army explicitly co-opted by the Iraqi state in 2005. The overarching argument of this article is that social networks with specific assets, skills and history are more vulnerable to paramilitarisation by entrepreneurs of violence than various other networks.     

A Review of Proposed Positive Dental Identifications from the World War II Era

In 1949, the American Graves Registration Service Pacific Zone proposed the identification of 27 sets of remains (skulls/crania/mandibles) based on comparisons with written dental records. All were denied, and the remains were buried as unknowns. In 2003 and 2015, the remains were exhumed by the DPAA. Currently, 26 individuals previously recommended for identification have been positively identified. The DPAA Science Director's opinion corresponded with 24 of their recommendations, while DNA excluded three. Caution should be taken by the forensic scientist when building assemblages through skeletal and dental articulation. The forensic odontologist must always consider variations in restorative care/extraction patterns and the possibility of documentation errors when reviewing/interpreting historical and current day dental records used for AM/PM comparisons. The odontologist should base their opinion on the strength of the antemortem/postmortem comparison, number and type of concordances, and distinct dental care and extraction patterns.     

Why Violence Abates: Imposed and Elective Declines in Terrorist Attacks

Previous scholarship on variations in violence within a given terrorist organization has primarily focused on factors that lead to the inception or destruction of that organization. However, violence varies substantially even during the “prime” of an organization's life. This article aims to understand why violence varies in the short term within many organizations, and places a special focus on declines in violence. Specifically, I argue that terrorists face countervailing incentives in terms of how much violence to use, and that when declines in violent activity do occur, they can be divided into two types: a) elective declines, which are usually temporary and used for organizational or reputational recovery; and b) imposed declines, which are dictated by changes in the relative capability of an organization, and are more likely to be permanent. The causal pathways to each type of decline are discussed, and a plausibility probe, consisting of case studies of three terrorist organizations, is then developed to substantiate this theory. The findings have notable implications for counterterrorism policy, as they illustrate not only when and why terrorists choose to curtail violent attacks, but also the conditions that determine whether declines in violence are temporary or permanent.     

Spouse Abuse by Black and White Offenders in the U.S. Army

Black soldiers are overrepresented in the U.S. Army Central Registry of spouse abuse cases. For each year between 1989 and 1997, the number of black offenders outnumbers white offenders, while the white population outnumbers the black population. When age-specific rates per 1000 were computed, the rates for blacks were greater than those for whites in every age group. The highest rates for both races were in the 18- to 21-year age group. Age-specific rate ratios between blacks and whites for 1997 ranged from 3.4 for the 18- to 21-year-old group to 1.9 for the 42- to 46-year age group. All of the rate ratios except the one for the 42 to 46-year age group were statistically significant. Socioeconomic status (SES) is an unlikely explanation for these findings as SES was reasonably controlled. Culturally specific longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the reasons for differences in black and white spouse abuse incidents.     

位置商标的注册可能性辨析——从“阿迪达斯三道杠”到“红色鞋底”

从"阿迪达斯三道杠"案到"红色鞋底"案,我国司法判决对位置商标的态度日渐明朗;从《商标法》及相关规定看,我国立法亦未完全限制其"出位"的可能;而参考司法实践对位置商标现实需求及诸如美国、日本及台湾地区已存相关法律规定,我国位置商标存在乃应时之需。我国应整合现有商标体系,将位置商标纳入非传统商标类型,进而进而统一对其功能性审查(尤以单一颜色商标为重)与显著性审查,以此实现法律体系内部自洽,维护有序市场竞争。     

五四时期知识分子加速革命化的原因探析

五四运动由知识分子率先发起,在中国近现代史上具有举足轻重的作用,一方面知识分子推动着五四运动不断向前发展,另一方面五四运动也不断加速了知识分子的革命化。五四时期知识分子加速革命化的原因到底是什么,本文归纳为以下四点:一是辛亥革命未能解决中国社会进步问题;二是帝国主义列强的行径激化了民族矛盾;三是新文化运动赋予文化人新思想新视野;四是十月革命给了知识分子新希望新方向。     

五四时期马克思主义传播加速先进知识分子革命化的原因

五四时期,十月革命的胜利及五四运动的爆发促使马克思主义在中国广泛传播。马克思主义的广泛传播,加深了知识分子对中国封建主义的认识;改变了知识分子对西方资本主义的认识;改变了知识分子对工农群众及其自身地位的认识。而这一系列的改变。促使先进知识分子认清了中国革命的对象、革命的主力军,所以加快了知识分子向革命者转变的速度。     

论《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》的深层结构

《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》是张爱玲的名篇。利用格雷马斯建立的结构语义学和符号学理论，可以挖掘主体振保与客体娇蕊之间、主体振保与客体烟鹂之间的表层结构和深层结构关系，通过对这两对主线关系的支持者和反对者关系的呈现，可以揭示出传统的性观念、婚姻观念、民族观念对男性选择婚恋对象的影响。主体振保对两个客体娇蕊与烟鹂的取舍，反映出在男性掌控的爱情和婚姻关系中，女性窘困的生存条件、爱情缺失的婚姻境遇以及自我意识的丧失。振保母亲辅助者与反对者的双重角色，也反映了其对传统的意识形态的捍卫。通过对张爱玲价值观念的深层解读，可以看出张爱玲对于振保是抱有同情的，对于娇蕊和烟鹂其态度不同，对娇蕊是潜藏着赞扬的，对于烟鹂则是哀其不争。     

International Organisations and the Evolution of Humanitarianism: Cross-perspectives on the Commonwealth and the European Union

Abstract

As international relations actors in the post-Second World War world, international organisations have played a significant role in the standardisation of global policy concepts during the 20th century, and humanitarian assistance has been no exception. While the study of the role of international organisations in shaping a dominant model of humanitarian aid has recently gathered pace, few historians have focused on different, less successful models and interpretations developed by other international organisations. Recently declassified Commonwealth Secretariat records show that discussions within the Secretariat and among member states regarding the potential objectives and scope of Commonwealth humanitarian assistance programmes took place as early as the 1960s, and continued throughout the following decades. This article provides an overview of the origin and evolution of the Commonwealth’s approach to humanitarian assistance since the 1960s. Its objective is to document this hitherto little known aspect of Commonwealth assistance policies, and, based on an initial literature and archival survey, to contribute to the identification of further research questions and gaps in this aspect of Commonwealth history. Although they are very different in nature and scope, the Commonwealth and the European Union share at least one common feature in so far as humanitarian assistance is concerned, namely their difficulty in reaching a consensual definition of it. By exploring the links and discrepancies between, as well as within, each organisation’s approach to humanitarian assistance, and by examining the initiatives of some of their member states, this paper seeks to highlight the plasticity of the definition of humanitarian assistance.