Provisional IRA Attacks on the UDR in Fermanagh and South Tyrone: Implications for the Study of Political Violence and Terrorism

This article continues a discussion begun in the 1990s on the degree to which Provisional Irish Republican Army activities were sectarian. Henry Patterson's recent contribution raises issues that concern not only interpretations of the Irish conflict but also have implications for the more general study of the causes and consequences of political violence and terrorism. After addressing some of these issues, Patterson's contribution is placed more firmly into the framework of the previous discussion. Then follows a careful examination of Irish Republican Army attacks on the locally recruited security forces in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, from the 1950s to today.     

中国共产党依法治军理论的传承与发展

中国共产党在创建和领导人民军队进行革命战争、领导国防和军队现代化建设的历程中,提出和发展了一脉相承而又不断创新发展的依法治军理论。毛泽东军事法制思想为中国共产党依法治军理论奠定了基点,邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛、习近平关于军队法制建设的思想和论述发展和深化了中国共产党依法治军理论。中国共产党依法治军理论是夯实依法治军、从严治军强军之基的科学指南。     

公安边防部队参与涉外联合行动存在的问题及对策

公安边防部队开展涉外联合行动,是公安边防部队跨国界的执法活动。目前在涉外联合行动中,还存在着法律规范不健全、协作互通机制不完善、联合训练缺乏针对性、专业人才短缺等问题。针对这些问题,公安边防部队应从加强法制建设与教育培训、健全涉外联勤协作机制,加强针对性涉外联合训练、建立专门联合机动力量,培养专业人才等几方面入手,不断提高涉外联合行动的质量,以保持边境地区的安宁稳定。     

论《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》的深层结构

《红玫瑰与白玫瑰》是张爱玲的名篇。利用格雷马斯建立的结构语义学和符号学理论，可以挖掘主体振保与客体娇蕊之间、主体振保与客体烟鹂之间的表层结构和深层结构关系，通过对这两对主线关系的支持者和反对者关系的呈现，可以揭示出传统的性观念、婚姻观念、民族观念对男性选择婚恋对象的影响。主体振保对两个客体娇蕊与烟鹂的取舍，反映出在男性掌控的爱情和婚姻关系中，女性窘困的生存条件、爱情缺失的婚姻境遇以及自我意识的丧失。振保母亲辅助者与反对者的双重角色，也反映了其对传统的意识形态的捍卫。通过对张爱玲价值观念的深层解读，可以看出张爱玲对于振保是抱有同情的，对于娇蕊和烟鹂其态度不同，对娇蕊是潜藏着赞扬的，对于烟鹂则是哀其不争。     

叶挺在南昌的革命活动

叶挺在南昌参与组织和领导了南昌起义,为打响武装反抗国民党反动派的第一枪、确保起义的胜利作出了卓越的贡献;叶挺在南昌组建新四军军部、将红军游击队改编而成的新四军带上抗日最前线起了独特的作用。     

Adoption and Victorian culture

In 1888, evangelical, educator and feminist Constance Maynard adopted Effie Anthon, a six year old girl from a Salvation Army orphanage. Her mother, Rosabianca Fasulo was an unmarried, Italian woman recently “rescued” by the Salvation Army. Maynard anticipated that Effie would one day join her at her college but she met none of the expectations for her. She entered domestic service but fell ill with tuberculosis and died in a workhouse in 1915. This is one particular case history of an adoption when the practice was not yet formalized but small numbers began to adopt children unknown to them. It tentatively opens up the history of adoption in Victorian Britain. It also illuminates some broader questions about family ties, the meanings associated with motherhood, and how the body and character formation were understood.     

Is Justice the Primary Feature of the State? Adam Smith's Critique of Social Contract Theory

In light of the question of whether justice is the differentia specifica of the state, this paper reviews Smith's views on justice and social contract theory. The paper finds that Smith did not regard justice, what supposedly motivates agents to enter into a social contract with the sovereign, as the core of the polity. He rather explicitly criticized social contract theory à la John Locke. Smith argued that the state is not only based on the protection of rights, but is also founded on the principle of authority, which stems from the admiration of high-rank agents who have desirable traits.     

坚持党对军队的绝对领导是中国历史和现实的必然选择

历史证明,不仅西方的民主制度在中国行不通,西方的军事领导制度在中国也行不通。与中国革命的领导权向无产阶级政党转移相适应,建立无产阶级自己的武装力量,实现党对军队的绝对领导,既是中国旧民主主义革命向新民主主义转变的要求,也是中国近代以来军事领导制度发展的必然归宿。中国共产党对军队绝对领导原则的确立,实现了军队由个人掌控向政治组织掌握的历史性飞跃,这是中国军队领导制度的历史性进步,从根本上保证了我军的性质和宗旨,保证了部队的高度集中统一。坚持党对军队的绝对领导,是我国实现社会主义现代化和国家长治久安的重要保证。     

International Organisations and the Evolution of Humanitarianism: Cross-perspectives on the Commonwealth and the European Union

Abstract

As international relations actors in the post-Second World War world, international organisations have played a significant role in the standardisation of global policy concepts during the 20th century, and humanitarian assistance has been no exception. While the study of the role of international organisations in shaping a dominant model of humanitarian aid has recently gathered pace, few historians have focused on different, less successful models and interpretations developed by other international organisations. Recently declassified Commonwealth Secretariat records show that discussions within the Secretariat and among member states regarding the potential objectives and scope of Commonwealth humanitarian assistance programmes took place as early as the 1960s, and continued throughout the following decades. This article provides an overview of the origin and evolution of the Commonwealth’s approach to humanitarian assistance since the 1960s. Its objective is to document this hitherto little known aspect of Commonwealth assistance policies, and, based on an initial literature and archival survey, to contribute to the identification of further research questions and gaps in this aspect of Commonwealth history. Although they are very different in nature and scope, the Commonwealth and the European Union share at least one common feature in so far as humanitarian assistance is concerned, namely their difficulty in reaching a consensual definition of it. By exploring the links and discrepancies between, as well as within, each organisation’s approach to humanitarian assistance, and by examining the initiatives of some of their member states, this paper seeks to highlight the plasticity of the definition of humanitarian assistance.     

五四时期知识女性独身论试探

五四时期知识女性的独身论是康有为的《大同书》以及20世纪初无政府主义"废婚毁家"主张的延续,并受到西方妇女解放思潮的影响,是在五四时期个性解放的氛围中形成的对当时知识女性产生极大影响的一股思潮。知识女性的独身论主要表现为感情受挫型、求学求事业型以及以独身为高洁型,高倡独身论反映了五四时期知识女性面临着把握自身命运的机遇,以及因时代局限而产生的困境。