TRIPS-Plus Free Trade Agreements and Access to Medicines

The battle over access to essential medicines revolves around the rights to issue compulsory licenses and to manufacture and export generic versions of brand name drugs to expand access. Global brand name pharmaceutical firms have sought to ration access to medicines and have used their economic and political clout to shape United States trade policy. They have succeeded in getting extremely restrictive TRIPS-Plus, and even US-Plus, intellectual property provisions into regional and bilateral free trade agreements. Asymmetrical power relations continue to shape intellectual property policy, reducing the amount of leeway that poorer and/or weaker states have in devising regulatory approaches that are most suitable for their individual needs and stages of development. While the overall trend is disturbing, some recent activities in the World Health Organization and evidence of greater unity behind health-based TRIPs flexibilities provide some grounds for cautious optimism.     

论证明的自由

在我国,诉讼法学界一直对自由心证原则持批判和否定态度,大多学者认为自由心证的哲学基础是唯心主义,与我国以马克思辩证唯物主义为指导的“实事求是”证据制度格格不入。但随着学术交流的不断深入,学者们对自由心证的认识也越来越深刻,纷纷著书立说为自由心证正名,认为自由心证恰恰回归到了马克思辩证唯物主义认识论。本文从不同证据制度中对证据审查判断的特殊性的比较入手,对自由心证证据制度作了初步的研究,并分析了我国实事求是的证据制度下审查判断证据的标准及如何进行制度上的完善。     

Anxiety and Diminished Hope: The Potential Impact of Trump’s Presidency on Security in the Pacific Islands Region

Abstract

The election of Donald Trump as the next president of the US has caused much international consternation and anxiety. Reactions have been based on distrust and rejection of Trump’s political ideology, behavioural disposition and unpredictable policy positions. His campaign speeches were filled with provocative utterances which were racist, sexist, homophobic, anti-environment and self-centred. This article examines some possible impacts of Trump’s presidency on the Pacific island countries (PICs). The first issue refers to how Trump’s proposed isolationist and militarisation policies may affect regional geopolitics. The two policies tend to contradict each other because while isolationism means pulling back on US economic and strategic presence in the Pacific, a reversal of the pivot to Asia-Pacific policy, militarisation implies greater strategic reach, regionally and globally. What does this seemingly contradictory approach mean for the PICs? Second, the article looks at the impact of Trump’s climate change denial stance and the responses by PICs, given the fact that climate change is the single most significant foreign policy and development initiative of the PICs since their independence. The third issue deals with the potential impact of Trump’s restrictive migration policies on remittance flow to the PICs and how these affect the small island economies and well-being.     

美韩FTA的起步、拖延及影响——以东亚区域合作为视角的分析

美韩签署FTA是两国对现实背景和贸易环境所做出的适应性反应,尽管美国的遏制意图和韩国的抢占制高点的意图有所不同,但其共同点都是试图使自身在未来的东亚区域合作中占据主动位置,但美韩FTA的久拖不决也使其潜在的影响产生了变数。韩国的这一举动显然是在走一条有别于东亚区域合作既有模式的道路,必然会对原有进程产生影响。它还使中国目前在东亚区域合作中所取得的成果缩水,因而有必要重新评估我国自身的FTA战略,以寻找根本性的解决方案。     

No derivative shareholder suits in Europe: A model of percentage limits and collusion

We address one of the cardinal puzzles of European corporate law: the lack of derivate shareholder suits. We explain this phenomenon on the basis of percentage limits which require shareholders to hold a minimum amount of shares in order to bring a lawsuit. We show that, under this legal regime, managers will collude with large shareholders by means of settlements or bribes that impose a negative externality on small shareholders. Contrary to conventional agency models, we find that large shareholders do not monitor the management; as a consequence, there is no free riding opportunity for small shareholders.     

论建构低碳数字艺术文本的必要性与可能性

当下数字艺术德性整体呈现负值,主要因为高碳数字艺术文本的盛行对接受者的身心健康造成了严重危害.大力建构低碳数字艺术文本,带给接受者更多强烈而健康的自由情感是遏制高碳数字艺术文本侵蚀、促进人类幸福事业的不二法门.而自然生活的改变阻碍了创作者精神层次的提高和灵感的产生,但如果创作者用心倾听,依然可以从广阔的社会生活中获得素材,抚慰人的创伤,表达人性关怀,构建低碳数字艺术文本.     

金融危机下美国对华“双反”法律问题新析

2004年以前,其它WTO成员并没有针对中国产品提起反补贴调查,主要面对和处理的都是有关反倾销方面的问题。金融危机背景下,以美国为首的发达国家对中国的反倾销反补贴并查案件不断增加。本文以美国对华双反的现状及特征为背景,通过对铜版纸案的具体分析,就政府和企业应该如何应对双反调查提出具体的法律建议。     

POSTAL 2 plays in US court - Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Association

In an unprecedented legal development, the case of violence in video games has now reached the highest American court. The US Supreme Court is set to decide whether states can restrict minors from buying violent video games in the case of Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Association. The decision could have serious implications on the future of First Amendment rights and children’s ’welfare. To resolve Schwarzenegger, the Justices will need to decide how much First Amendment protection should be extended to violent video games and whether minors have a greater constitutional right to violence than they do to obscenity.     

Setting the stage: Arnold Schwarzenegger and video games prepare for battle in the United States Supreme Court

Video games often feature a character that evolves into an iconic superhero. In a strange twist of fate, the video game medium will have the opportunity to become a superhero itself. The recording, comic book, and movie industries have rallied around video games as the case of Arnold Schwarzenegger vs. Entertainment Merchants Association and Entertainment Software Association reaches the Supreme Court of the United States. The case concerns a 2005 California ban on the sale of violent video games to minors. The law was later overturned by the District Court and the 9th Circuit Court on appeal. At issue is whether the law violates the First Amendment of the Constitution. Do video games deserve the full protection of the Constitution as a legitimate form of speech, or should it be limited due to its alleged effects on the psychological well-being of minors? This Article will look at the impact this case may have when it reaches the Supreme Court, an analysis of the issues that will be argued, and the history of legislation involving violent video games.     

21世纪海上丝绸之路与中国—东盟自由贸易区升级版建设:印度尼西亚视角

本文主要阐述了21世纪海上丝绸之路与中国—东盟自由贸易区升级版建设的关系和首要任务。文章认为,21世纪海上丝绸之路建设与东盟国家的经济走廊发展规划相衔接,与东盟国家的金融政策和金融业务相协调,与东盟国家不断加强人文交流合作,有利于建设好21世纪海上丝绸之路,推动打造中国—东盟自由贸易区升级版。