WTO保障措施法律制度的演进分析

WTO保障措施制度形式上作为公平竞争原则的例外,实质上是要实现真正意义上的公平竞争,最大限度地体现竞争原则。保障措施制度在其诞生后,经历了从国内法向国际规则的发展,WTO的《保障措施协定》是目前对保障措施行为最有影响的国际规范,它在各WTO成员方得到了广泛的适用,但现行制度与竞争政策(指实质上的公平竞争)之间仍存在一定程度的差异与冲突,在实践中成为一些国家实现其贸易保护主义政策的工具,必须对其加以改革。     

入世后加快我国私营经济发展的对策思考

当前我国私营经济的发展尚缺乏公平的竞争环境 ,企业的内部治理也存在着诸多问题。加入WTO将给私营经济的发展创造更公平的竞争环境和广阔的发展空间。入世后 ,私营企业将是我国参与国际竞争的重要生力军。     

Membership accession in the African Union: The relationship between enforcement and compliance,and the case for differential membership

It is argued in this paper that the level of non-compliance is high in the Organisation of African Unity/African Union in part because the organisation failed to institute and enforce strict membership accession conditionalities. Across the life of the organisation, this has resulted in non-compliance, mainly the non-payment of dues and non-implementation of policies. This position adds a historical dimension to arguments that identify weak economic capacity and the lack of political will as the main sources of non-compliance. It also supports the thesis that the enforcement of strict accession rules prepares states to perform their obligations and sets them up to receive benefits from the group. In 2002, Africa's continental body changed its mandate from liberation to integration. Since integration requires the strict enforcement of accession rules, the paper suggests that the organisation proceed by choosing differential membership to align the behaviour of its members to their obligations.     

Firm supporter and severe critic – Germany’s two-pronged approach to EU enlargement in the Western Balkans

Abstract

Germany has demonstrated an active commitment towards the accession perspective of the Western Balkans, which found its most vocal expression in the initiation of a Western Balkans summit in August 2014 and the ensuing “Berlin process”. However, German support reflexively goes hand in hand with a reference to rigid accession conditionality. This not only fosters stabilization and transformation in the Western Balkan states, but also – at the domestic level – counters widespread enlargement scepticism among decision makers and the German public. The far-reaching participation rights of the Federal Parliament, acquired by the 2009 amendments to the Act on EU Cooperation, involves the Bundestag inter alia in the opening of accession negotiations, thus also increasing domestic constraints for Germany’s position in the Council. Federal elections due in late 2017 and a political environment shaped by a discussion about migration, including from and through the Western Balkans, make enlargement policy a particularly hard-to-sell issue.     

Is Flexible Integration Harming the Prospect of a Common Acquis?

In the post-Lisbon era and especially since the outburst of the financial and European sovereign debt crisis, the EU has been changing significantly, to the extent that the meaning and the process of integration are being affected. While constitutional asymmetry is a longstanding feature of the EU polity, the real challenge today is the expanding scope and fragmented character of newly established forms of flexibility, and how they are being used politically. The flexible configuration of integration reinforces a trend toward fragmented integration. Flexibility within the EU could become an end in itself, a device to serve a wide range of strategic visions and preferences in sectoral politics.     

论GATT公共道德例外的适用——美诉“中国影响出版和视听产品贸易案”评介及启示

美国诉"中国影响出版物和视听娱乐产品的贸易权和分销服务措施"一案是WTO第一起直接适用GATT第20条(a)款的公共道德例外的案件。本案中上诉机构首次明确了GATT第20条(a)款的可适用性,确认了应由被诉成员来确立公共道德的含义和相关性的惯例,明晰了"必需"考察的要素、方法和举证责任问题,并将贸易限制考察范围有条件地延伸到对贸易主体的贸易限制程度上。本案给中国未来参与WTO争端解决提供了多重启示,中国应准确把握一般例外主张上的要点,特别应重视争端解决过程中的举证。     

两难中的WTO最惠国待遇原则

WTO作为一个管理世界贸易的国际组织,其核心原则之一就是最惠国待遇原则,它能给予各个国家相同的机会在世界范围内开展国际贸易,这是WTO的魅力之所在。然而,一些国家由于某些因素的影响,有意绕开该原则,而使得WTO这个大口袋裂开一个缝。但是,缝隙可以修补,相信WTO的未来会更加美好。     

专业性国际组织的政治化:以GATT/WTO为例的分析

晚近,许多建立在功能主义理论基础之上的各专业性国际组织出现了政治化现象.虽然GATT在很大程度上成功地将政治化屏蔽在外,但WTO却未能幸免.政治化使专业性国际组织履行其使命的能力受到了严重的损害,进而给国际合作与全球治理带来消极影响.为了建构和平与发展的国际环境和秩序,在"去政治化"的专业性国际组织内进行互利合作方为理想之举.     

从欧盟扩大看GATT/WTO关于关税同盟补偿谈判的规定与实践

2004年5月,欧盟正式扩大到25国,其共同贸易政策自动延伸适用到新入盟国,导致部分关税税率升高和贸易政策趋严,给盟外其他WTO成员造成经贸利益减损。WTO其他成员有权根据GATT第24条、第28条以及关于解释这两条的谅解等规定,要求欧盟做出补偿性调整。本文对关税同盟补偿谈判的法律基础、主要内容、谈判程序和主体等进行了分析和探讨。作者认为,关税同盟补偿问题的妥善解决,将对区域经济一体化趋势下更好地维护多边贸易框架的合理性做出贡献。     

浅谈WTO的思维模式

WTO作为成员之间谈判和妥协的产物，其思维模式并非单一指向型的，而是表现为既提倡促进贸易的自由化趋势，又充分考虑到各国经济发展水平及民族经济发展的内在需要，并允许在合理利益下采取合法的贸易保护。WTO条款中一系列的例外条款和保障措施，即是这种思维模式的体现。