医疗损害责任的规制逻辑与适用路径——以《民法典》与“医事法”的协调为视角

为推进对《民法典》的规范阐释,促使其与医事法的衔接、互补,应对"医疗损害责任"的规制逻辑与适用路径进行明晰。"医疗损害责任"整体延续了《侵权责任法》的概念体系和框架结构,在说明义务、责任主体以及责任构成等方面加以创新。其作为《民法典》的具体规范,对总则编之规定予以遵从,是侵权责任编一般规定的特别法;其作为医事法的基本范畴,处于上位效力层级之中,与其他规范条文形成条件关系和并列关系。鉴于此,应遵循"从民法典到医事法"的适用路径,藉由内外在规范的自足与互助,明确规范条文之间的内在关联,实现规范概念的阐明和规范内涵的拓补,以推动《民法典》相关规则的贯彻实施,促进我国医事法学的蓬勃发展。     

An Analysis of the Characteristics of Thoracic and Abdominal Injuries Due to Gunshot Homicides in Israel

De‐identified wound data from 197 homicidal gunshot postmortems were obtained between 2000 and 2008. Forensic ballistics data were only available for cases between 2004 and 2008. Males represent 91% of gunshot victims and were struck in the thorax/abdomen with an average of 2.3 bullets. The type of firearms involved were semi‐automatic pistols in the predominant caliber 9‐mm Luger and assault rifles in caliber 5.56 × 45 mm and caliber 7.62 × 39 mm Soviet, using full metal jacket bullets. The majority of shootings occurred at ranges of 1 m or greater. The most common bullet path was front to back in 66% of cases. Entry wounds occurred more often on the left side of the thorax, abdomen, and back. The most common critical organs/tissues to sustain bullet trauma in descending order were as follows: heart, lungs, liver, aorta, spleen, kidneys, and vena cava. Ribs were struck by most bullets that entered the thorax.     

公共危险犯的未完成形态

公共危险形成之前,可能构成公共危险犯的预备.公共危险形成后,严重后果产生之前,可以看成只是产生了一种作为未遂的危险.因此,行为人及时采取措施防止危险避免实害的,成立犯罪中止.对于放火罪,形成独立燃烧状态,只是表明未遂危险的形成,在严重灾害发生之前,仍有成立犯罪中止的可能.     

论人身损害案件中的精神损害法律问题

最高人民法院公布的《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》第一次对 人身损害案件中的精神损害方面做了具体规定,但在司法实践操作中出现了一些问题,应该在立法 上予以完善。     

我国产品责任领域惩罚性损害赔偿制度探析

在我国产品责任领域确立惩罚性赔偿制度,能够满足消费者维权需要,有效地提高产品的质量。进一步完善这一制度,应借鉴美国相关制度的规定,突出该制度在填补被害人所受损害、惩罚侵害权利的行为、阻吓侵害行为再度发生等方面的特性,进一步明确适用惩罚性损害赔偿的条件:以故意、恶意或完全漠视他人权利为主观要件;侵权行为具有不法性和应受谴责性;侵权造成严重的损害后果。     

The Subject Status of Procuratorate in Marine Litigation on "Public Interests Protection"

The litigations of marine natural resources ormarine ecological (environmental) damages involve two different types of litigations, and the procuratorate should be involved in the litigationsas different litigation subjects. The compensatory litigation of marine natural resource damageis the private interest litigation which relieves the private interest damage of state owned natural resources. According to The Administrative Litigation Law and The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation Cases, the procuratorate should be the supervising subject. However, the compensatory litigation of marine ecological (environmental) damage is the public interest litigation which relieves public interests, and on the basis of Marine Environment Protection Law, The Civil Procedure Law and The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation Cases, the procuratorate should be the supplementary subject. Due to the particularity of the marine litigations, the procuratoratefiles lawsuits against the marine natural resources ormarine ecological (environmental) damages, which shall apply both to The Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning Compensation for Damages of Marine Natural Resources and Ecological Environment and The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation Cases.     

槲皮素对己烯雌酚诱导的仓鼠生精细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

为研究槲皮素(Que)对己烯雌酚(DES)诱导的体外培养仓鼠睾丸生精细胞氧化损伤的保护作用,将生精细胞分别用DES和不同浓度(10、20、30μmol/L)的槲皮素处理,用倒置显微镜观察生精细胞的生长状况,用MTT法测定生精细胞的存活率,用分光光度法检测细胞培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、细胞中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量。结果显示,Que显著抑制了DES引起的生精细胞损伤,除低剂量组差异不显著外,中、高剂量组细胞存活率显著上升(P0.01);Que显著提高了培养液中SOD的活性和细胞中GSH-Px的含量(P0.01)。说明槲皮素可有效对抗自由基,抑制脂质过氧化,减弱DES导致的生精细胞损伤,提示Que是缓解环境雌激素生殖毒性的有效成分之一。     

试论违约责任中定金、违约金、赔偿损失的竞合与适用

本文从违约责任的一般理论入手 ,着重论述了违约责任中定金、违约金、赔偿损失责任形式之间的关系 ,旨在解决现实生活中三者如何具体运用、能否一并适用等法律问题 ,分析了在适用三者的过程中应注意的几个问题。     

环境污染责任构成要件再探讨——兼评《侵权责任法》的相关规定

《侵权责任法》明确了环境污染侵权责任不以行为具有违法性作为构成要件,在法律层面上明确环境污染侵权责任的因果关系推定规则是对我国传统侵权责任法的突破,具有重要的理论和实践意义。但在损害要件上的矛盾态度、环境污染预防性责任适用时的违法性考量及部分条款之间存在的逻辑上的不周延也是需要进一步探讨的问题。     

欧盟环境责任立法对中国的启示

欧盟环境侵权赔偿立法的整个过程,对环境损害的救济方式经历了由民法为主向行政法的转变。前后立法模式的变化,对环境损害赔偿法的体系、功能和运行产生了深远的影响。欧盟的一些国家在环境民事赔偿责任领域通过了被认为具有先驱性的单行法,这些法律在责任主体、适用范围、责任基础、举证责任、赔偿范围等方面做出了非常细致的规定。我国正在着手制定环境损害赔偿法,欧盟环境侵权赔偿立法对我国具有重要的借鉴意义。