To adapt or to defend? Comparing position shifts among Bundestag candidates between 2013 and 2017

In this research note, candidate survey data from the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) is used to analyse positional shifts of German Bundestag parties between 2013 and 2017. Two developments make Germany a particularly interesting case: (1) the liberal but also controversial policies of the Merkel cabinet during the European refugee crisis and (2) the change of leadership within the right-wing populist party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). Applying scaling techniques to locate candidates of both elections in the same two-dimensional policy space, the analysis demonstrates that in 2017 the AfD took a distinct radical right position in the party system of Germany. Moreover, the study finds that almost all parties moved to the right on the cultural left–right dimension in 2017, whereas for the economic left–right dimension this has not been the case. Contrary to the mantra of an ideological delineation against right-wing populism, there has been a robust socio-political conservative shift in the German party system.     

重述德国古典哲学的出路:对保守主义的历史时间经验方式的阐释

存在许多种保守主义概念定义.对我们来说,有价值的是深入一种政治信念因素背后的努力,以及这一见解,即一种最具逻辑一致性的保守主义的出现,是德国19世纪上半叶的最有影响的思想历史事件.当我们在这里强调保守主义与德国精神之间的紧密联系时,便会发现隐含在它之中的历史哲学含义:它在本然而不是应然、在有机集体联合(民族)而不是与之对立的机械社会或自由人联合的基础上寻求理解和解释历史;从某种意义上,它从过去寻求对历史时间的经验表达.在现代文明原则面前,注意德国保守主义的式微与德国古典哲学的出路之间的关系,令我们有充分的理由断言,马克思的共产主义原则需要在更好地揭示并捍卫现代文明原则的基础上来阐明.     

Reflections on the Two World Wars

正Editor's Note:In the 200 years since German philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote his famous essay,To Perpetual Peace:A Philosophical Sketch,the world has seen something closer to perpetual warfare:Countless wars,ranging from small-scale battles to the two devastating world wars of the 20th century,have caused untold misery and suffering.Even today,the world is far from being a tranquil and peaceful place.To mark the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War I(WWI)and the 75th anniversary of the World     

中世纪德国对罗马法的继受

本文从继受主体、继受客体和继受过程三个方面论述中世纪德国对罗马法的继受，分析继受结果在地区、内容、阶层上的差别，指出法律继受使德国法发生质的变化，奠定德国法之基础，并进而总结此次继受的特点和成功原因，最后得出几点启发，以作为现代继受外国法之参考。     

占有改定与善意取得

在是否发生善意取得的法律效果上,德国法区别对待占有改定与指示交付,这并不具有充分的根据。而无论是＂以手护手＂原则、＂所有权人与受让人给予出让人同样多的信赖＂、＂避免隐秘交易与舞弊行为＂或＂所有权人对其权利丧失无从知觉或阻止＂等理由均不足以否定占有改定下适用善意取得。只要受让人基于无权出让人占有的信赖而为交易,即应肯定其善意取得所有权,不应因占有移转之方式而有差异。     

Political aspects of repatriation: Germany,Russia, Kazakhstan. A comparative analysis

This paper is based on a study which compares repatriation policies of Germany, Russia, and Kazakhstan. The choice of cases is based on a “most similar case design.” The Russian case results in unsuccessful and unsustainable repatriation, the German case exhibits a change from sustainable repatriation to a slow termination of the program, while the case of Kazakhstan is one of sustainable and relatively successful repatriation. The main argument of the paper is that in order for a repatriation program to be sustainable, the program must contain both a practical component and an ideological component. If a repatriation program lacks ideological backing which permeates other aspects of political life in a state, then the repatriation program grinds to a halt. If a repatriation program has ideological backing, but is rendered impractical and does not meet the economic, demographic and labor market needs of a state, then the further development of the program stops. The findings of this study merit further reflection on issues of changing national identities, on transnational migration pathways, and on the “post-Soviet condition” which has set the stage for all of the aforementioned processes and transformations.     

德国发展循环经济的经验及其对我国西部地区的启示

德国是世界上最早实践循环经济的国家,也是全球循环经济发展水平最高的国家之一。其成效主要表现在:构建起较完整的循环经济产业链,形成了较为全面的循环经济体系,基本走上了可持续发展道路。考察德国发展循环经济的经验主要有:强化法律约束,制订了发展循环经济的制度规范;强化全民的环保意识;注重监督和服务并举,以规划为先导,重视发挥市场主导作用和技术体系建设等。作为中国"欠发达、后发展"的西部地区,应借鉴德国的成功经验,以发展循环经济为抓手,促进新一轮西部大开发战略的深入实施。     

The effects of convergence: internationalization and the changing distribution of net value added in large German firms

The paper examines whether and how the increasing internationalization of firms impacts on the operation of a co-ordinated market economy. Following the tenets of agency theory, it assumes that an emerging market for corporate control changes the monitoring mechanisms that oversee management. Since Anglo-American forms of monitoring are usually associated with a higher return for investors compared with Continental European firms, a change in the distribution of the net value added of firms is expected. Using financial data on fifty-nine large German companies, the paper shows that the emerging convergence of German corporate governance practices to Anglo-American standards has had a weak, but significant, impact on the distribution of net value added. This is in contrast to the impact of the internationalization of firms on product markets, which does not have an effect. Since the market for corporate control is, however, still underdeveloped in Germany, the main effects remain to be seen.     

Agonizing Reappraisals: Anthony Eden, John Foster Dulles and the Crisis of European Defence, 1953-54

In 1953, the US government threatened to undertake an 'agonizing reappraisal' of its commitment to European security if the rearmament of West Germany through the European Defence Community (EDC) came to nothing. Although many in Europe dismissed the threat as a bluff, the British government, and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in particular, took it extremely seriously. In September 1954, following the demise of the EDC, the British broke with long-standing tradition and pledged to retain military forces in Germany at a set level for as long as their European allies so desired. This was Britain's own 'agonizing reappraisal', undertaken at Eden's prompting to neutralise the danger of the United States implementing its own version.