‘Fragile States’: introducing a political concept

The special issue ‘Fragile States: A Political Concept’ investigates the emergence, dissemination and reception of the notion of ‘state fragility’. It analyses the process of conceptualisation, examining how the ‘fragile states’ concept was framed by policy makers to describe reality in accordance with their priorities in the fields of development and security. The contributors to the issue investigate the instrumental use of the ‘state fragility’ label in the legitimisation of Western policy interventions in countries facing violence and profound poverty. They also emphasise the agency of actors ‘on the receiving end’, describing how the elites and governments in so-called ‘fragile states’ have incorporated and reinterpreted the concept to fit their own political agendas. A first set of articles examines the role played by the World Bank, the oecd, the European Union and the g7+ coalition of ‘fragile states’ in the transnational diffusion of the concept, which is understood as a critical element in the new discourse on international aid and security. A second set of papers employs three case studies (Sudan, Indonesia and Uganda) to explore the processes of appropriation, reinterpretation and the strategic use of the ‘fragile state’ concept.     

Knowledge and agrarian de-collectivisation in Kazakhstan

The agrarian de-collectivisation in Kazakhstan is an instructive case for examining the relative viability of large-scale farming vis-à-vis smallholder agriculture. Within the transition from communism to capitalism in Kazakhstan, de-collectivisation involved not only a redefinition of property rights but also a dramatic rupture with former modes of agricultural knowledge generation and use. Up to now, however, the role of knowledge and skills in shaping de-collectivisation has received scant attention in the literature on postsocialism. This article argues that the loss and inadequacy of knowledge, following the collapse of knowledge institutions and the shift from large-scale knowledge-intensive mechanised farming to predominantly manual farming on small plots, needs to form part of any explanation of the postsocialist agrarian crisis. The analysis shows the importance of studying access to, and control over, knowledge in constructing a theory of agricultural labour processes.     

论知识创新成果产业化的螺旋运动

随着知识经济时代的来临,社会经济发展越来越依赖于知识这一内生要素的推动作用。知识创新成果产业化是在政府、高等院校或科研机构、产业界三重螺旋运动中实现的从根本上改变了传统的经济增长方式,具有重大的产业效应和社会经济效应。     

知识经济时代的图书馆及其发展策略

步入21世纪,人类将进入以知识信息的生产、分配和利用为基础的知识经济时代.在知识经济时代里,图书馆作为人类知识的宝库,其职能与作用更显突出与重要.面对知识经济的挑战,当代图书馆应大力实施有效的发展策略,以适应时代发展的潮流.     

公安民警警察权与人权意识调查

警察权应该在有效、有限的范围内依法行使是法治国家的一个基本理念。警察权与公民权密不可分,警察权的行使离不开公民权,公民权的实现又离不开警察权的保障,两者既对立又统一。但是,目前对我国人民警察的警察权与人权意识还缺乏比较准确的定量分析。通过选择某一地区公安民警范围,组织关于警察权与人权意识的问卷调查,一方面尝试通过对一个局部地区的定量分析,为研究公安民警警察权与人权意识提供第一手材料;另一方面也较为准确地评价现行的公安教育以及重人权保护教育的效果,并为提出改进、完善的建议提供客观依据。     

西方之眼——论《看见十九世纪台湾》的知识生产

本文以《看见十九世纪台湾——十四位西方旅行者的福尔摩沙故事》（Curious Investigations：19th-century American and European Impressions of Taiwan）为主要分析对象,将西方人讲述的台湾故事当做西方对东方的观看和关于台湾的知识生产,探讨何种事物被选择为讲述对象,考察来自西方的“凝视”（gaze）究竟产生了怎样的台湾图景.首先,将西方旅行者对台湾自然事物的发现与19世纪西方的科学发展相联系,说明对未知世界的探险、科学化的叙述和世界范围内的知识传播是由西方主导的.而旅行者对台湾人文景观的记录则表现为观察与被观察、控制与被控制的权力关系,是西方主体对东方他者的认知投射.第二,借用文化与社会关键词的论述,将旅行者对台湾人文与社会的讲述集中于一些有代表性的词汇中,如“野蛮人”、汉人与儒家文化等,这些词汇体现了西方主体的意识与观念,呈现了当时西方眼中的台湾知识地图.原住民被作为讲述中心可能与西方眼中的文明位阶相关;汉人和儒家文化受到贬抑是中华文明衰落和西方文明崛起的世界格局所决定的.     

A four-phase process for translating research into police practice

ABSTRACT

This article presents a framework that extends the discussion of translational criminology and the dynamic process of translating research to practice. The goal is to provide an explicit dissection of the translation process into four phases to help outline a structured way of thinking about how to incorporate research into police practice. The four-phases include: Phase I: ‘Does it Work?’ Research and Evaluation; Phase II: ‘What Works?’ Synthesis and Dissemination; Phase III: ‘How to Make it Work?’ Implementation and Evaluation; and Phase IV: ‘Make it Work!’ Institutionalization and Sustainability. The process is founded in implementation science and the ‘Knowledge to Action’ model (KTA) used in the medical and public health fields, as well as current translation activities for policing, and the authors’ experience as practitioners, researchers, and ‘translators’ over the last 25 years. It is the hope that parsing out four distinct phases for the translation of research to practice will assist researchers and police leaders to identify and fill gaps in current and future translation activities.     

“作为区域研究的日本学”在中国——兼论其意识形态机制

文章在梳理"区域研究"这一概念的基础上,总结了"作为区域研究的日本学"在中国的现状,并对其中的意识形态机制进行了认识论上的分析,认为区域研究的跨学科性所带来的超越性视点和对知识结构的反思性批判思维乃是日本学作为"区域研究"获得成功的关键所在。     

印度传统知识数据库治理体系动态及启示

通过十多年的发展,印度建立了全球最为齐全、完善的传统知识数据库治理体系。以传统知识数字图书馆、人民生物多样性注册系统为典型代表的传统知识数据库为印度传统知识保护提供切实助力,并使其成为世界上传统知识保护最为成功的国家之一。对印度传统知识数据库治理体系动态研究,有助于对我国中医药传统知识数据库领域现状和问题进行评估与反思并提出完善建议。印度传统知识数据库创设、运营和治理具有"公共利益导向、法律机构保障、符合数据伦理、循序持续推进和允许多方参与"等经验,但也存在"缺乏统一数据收集、整理、登记和归档标准""运营实施操作规则仍有待具体明确"等问题。结合印度相关领域先进经验和存在的问题,在检视我国中医药传统知识数据库创设、运营和治理领域存在"公共利益维护缺失、行政监管体制与法律配置不当"等缺陷的基础之上,提出如下建议:创设提供"在先技术"功能的传统知识专门数据库,制定中医药传统知识数据库搜集、整理、登记和归档行业标准,完善中医药传统知识法律保护实施细则与设置行政主管部门与行政监督管理体制,规范约束中医药传统知识数据库商业经营行为,鼓励数据库运营商自行创设运营实施操作规则等。     

Transnational governance of cybersecurity: policy challenges and global inequalities in cyber capacity building

Abstract

Connectivity infrastructure is constantly expanding, increasing internet access across countries, regions and socio-political contexts. Given the fast-changing geography of the internet, there is a growing demand to strengthen cyber capacity beyond national frameworks, in order to develop a transnationally coherent and coordinated governance approach to cybersecurity. In this context, cyber capacity building initiatives are increasingly central in international debates, with the ambition to support countries in the Global South in fostering their cybersecurity strategy from technical and policy perspectives. This article discusses the key factors explaining states’ efforts to enhance their cyber capacity. Based on a cross-national quantitative research approach, the findings contradict international relations (IR)-derived approaches to cybersecurity, which assume that countries develop their cyber capacity according to external security threats, domestic politics or norms. In line with existing research on the role that science plays in policymaking processes more broadly, our results suggest instead that a country’s science and technical knowledge is the most robust explanation for that state’s cyber capacity level. These findings emphasise the need for policymakers to support countries in the Global South in developing their cyber capacity beyond national security paradigms by strengthening education and technical skills in contexts lacking in this resource.